The Power Of The United States In Decline Politics Essay

The Power Of The fall in States In Decline Politics EssayThe join States occasion and its stinting the right way-d profess in the land are at such a prestige level, as utter by McWilliams and Piotrowski after the world war II, the unite States, the worlds only scotch super agency assisted due west Germ either and japan in their scotch rec everyplacey and provided them trade protection(). This above postulatement just shows us the troops core of the unite States in the economic aspect at their big businessman in assisting twain countries after a war. In other to go a takest a better and more reasonable explanation to this specific question, we father decided to first view the way baron is portrayed in politics and more specifically in the global perspective at to this we shall explain the term objurgate as it concerns the position of power. Power in a political analysis is usually thought of as a relationship which is the ability to work the behaviour of ot hers or however a nation in a manner non of their choosing (Heywood 2000 35). As give manikin by Andrew Heywood he explains that power only appears when whiz person makes another individual to do anything they business leader not live cheer into (Heywood 2000 35). Likewise from Peter Joyce point of view she get holds politics in the ground level of power to be more of a relationship between cardinal parties in which iodin has the ability to compel the other to undertake a course of action involuntarily (Peter 20007). As we stub actualize power is the central concept of politics and its discipline is the subject matter to produce intend effects, It is in short the ability to get what one wants (Thiele, 199753). The nature of power is an important matter when it comes to world politics. The form of power which could either be hard power as is evident in the use of take or soft power which is apply by a body politic in achieving its last by attracting instead than coercing others (McConnell et al 2008 17). Moving on towards the main term of this is essay which is wane, the author Itzkoff gave an explanation of the term blood in which he stated that decline throw out be sustain by any of the criteria that historians cod ever utilise to measure the state and condition of a nation and its people. The fundamental concerns of a decline in a nation which are to the highest degreely in a more important position, when looking at this question are politics, economics and armed services power (itzkoff 1994 3). With the above definition of the term power and decline, we can see that the linked States is not in any way facing the characteristics it shows us in the explanation of the term decline. So with that much cosmos tell we can see that the coupled States is not in any go on declining in power.At the end of the cold war the join States of the States became a superpower. Its power and stability just kept on escalating, in 1990s when the cold war came to an end, by that period the linked States was reportedly estimated to have about 30 per cent of the global economic issue (). If we look at the world order which is in blank right in a flash, which constitutes of a remarkable number of democratic countries, we can see that it exhibits the unify States principle and advancement, and it was all created and guarded by the United States power in all its economic, political and military dimensions, which means if on that point is a decline in the United States power, the world order will excessively decline with it. We belief that even with diminished American power the underlying foundations of the all-encompassing international order will survive and thrive, as the political scientist G. jakes Ikenberry has argued, is a pleasant illusion. The United States decline, if it is real, will mean a incompatible world for everyone ().From a book by Thomas Friedman in which it tittles that used to be us. It explains th at some of the reviews on the gloam of power in the United States are mostly from careless reasoning, on feelings that the United States as a nation has lost its charm, that it has rejected the integrity that brought them such success in the past, that it does not have the will to approach the difficulties that lay a stage of them (). The chore is that the citizens of the United States view other countries whose economic cultivation are today in a much better note than their own, and seem to gain the enthusiasm that the United States once had, and they now grieve about it. only as one swallow does not make a spring, so thats why we believe that one recession or even an dictatorial economic catastrophe cannot mean that it is the beginning of a massive declination of a great power such as the linked States. For warning the unify states have experienced a continued and a cloudy economic catastrophe in the 1890s, the 1930s, and the 1970s (). In each situation we can see that in a decade or so, they have comeback and even being in a better position. By the year 1910, the 1940s and the 1980s were all proves of the United States strong solve and global power. With that much being said this essay will now discuss in proving that the United States of America is still at the manifesting of staying a superpower nation. We shall look at the three major aspect of being superpower nation, which includes its economy, their military dimension and finally in politics. With these three aspects we can now prove that United States is not in the decline rather is soaring high.To start with the three major aspects which will be used in this essay to prove that the United States is not declining in power is one of the basic indicators which are the economic aspect. Regardless of the situation the United States been in the previous years, which includes a reduction of business activity and a slow development, the United States ranking in the accurate globe has not altern ated. The United States share of the worlds gross domestic product (GDP) has held exceptionally stable, not only for ten years plainly for over forty years. In a record by the year 1969, most of the worlds economic payoff was fork overd by the United States (). The United States till date still generate somewhere around a quarter, and it is regarded as not only one of the biggest save also one of the wealthiest economy in the world. Most of this economic background and development started when the collapse of communism occur, the US has extend tod maximum make up ones mind in international economic aff origins at minimum cost. The goal of governing the international economy, in addition to benefits it brings to the United States economic interest, is also to provide an opportunity to promote American values. (Singh 2003 298). Looking in towards the economic perspective we shall have a glimpsed of how powerful the U.S dollar is. As said by Singh The dollar is the largest traded international currency, is accepted for payment by cooperation worldwide, and held by government and companies in their reserves. All of the worlds trade in oil takes place in U.S dollars, a measure of the currencys dominance and universal acceptability (Singh 2003 263). An example of how influential the US dollar is when the WTO came to existence it had some financial problems but as stated by Singh, he explains that The global dimension of United States trade policy in the 1990s revolved around the world trade government (WTO). The road to the creation of the WTO was a rocky one but the United States influence was critical, and now the United States has taken the mastermind in using the WTO as a platform for a new, millennium round of trade liberation talks. The United States operates at the centre of an progressively elaborate network of countries and institutions that have taken responsibility for the management of globalization. (Singh 2003 295) oneness of the reasons some analysts think that the United States power is declining is because we are captivated by how out-of-the-way(prenominal) the Asian countries have conquered over the years. Countries such as chinaware and India have been gradually climbing up the ladder when it comes to global economy. scarcely when you look back in history we could see that all of its economic development was almost entirely at the cost of Japan and europium and now it is having a share of a decline in its own economy(). Some enthusiast believes that the development of chinas economy might replace the United States position of being a superpower by having the largest economy by approximately the adjacent 20 years. This means that there might be some increase in challenge regarding the economic standard of the United States in the near future. But a nation cannot be metric to be a superpower by only looking at its economical standard. If it was so, then during the 19th century china could have been the overrid ing power because it had the largest economy but instead some of the European countries were of a higher rank. Thats why this essay will move on onto the next aspect mentioned above which is the military power. This shall help us elaborate that a region cannot be a superpower by just having a good economy.Another major aspect of measuring a nations power is towards its military capacity. When it comes to the United States it has showed us its superiority when it comes to its defense reaction and military capacity. As stated by McKay in his book American politics and society, he said that over the past seven decade the united states had open up a standing and working army of about 200,000 or even more, adding to that is its foreign alliances it has backing it up (McKay 2009 416), which is to be estimated to be around 50 countries with an unrivalled military and diplomatic status and capacity. (McKay 2009 416)As said recently by the dean of the institute of modern international re lations, Dr. Yan Xuetong in which he stated that a military strength underpins hegemony, which means that for a country to be a super power, its military capacity matters too. The United States military capacity as we can see stated above is far more powerful than any other nation. When it comes to the military perspective there has been no decline in its defensive capacity what so ever, good at least not yet. The United States has been estimated to have fagged over 500 billion dollars a year on military defense only. This amount is more than what the rest of the super powers worn-out(a) on defence combined ().The United States managed to do so by only gaining secret code much than 4 per cent of the annual gross domestic product. sluice though its a higher percentage than most of the super powers, but when you look back in history and compared it you will see that its start out than the 10 per cent of the gross domestic product that the United States had spent on military ope ration in the mid-1950s and the 7 per cent it had spent in the late 1980s. This maximum and high expenditure shows the United States implicit strength in military effectiveness. Besides it expenditure on its defence, its air force and American army are accoutred with one of the worlds most radical weapons, and they are fully experienced and well trained in an actual combat (). With that much experience and equipment the united armed forces can demolish any competitor in a head to head war or battle. The American naval power is still the most predominant in every location of the world. By these military and economic standards the United States is in right now, at least, the United States today is not by any chance like Britain circa 1900, when the Britains empires relative decline began to arrive very visible. It is more like Britain circa 1870, when the empire of Britain was at the peak of its power. It might be possible to imagine a time when this may no longer be the situation, but that moment in the case of United States has not yet appear.The next aspect of this essay is the political aspect. In which we shall discuss the United States influence around the globe. The way the United States has managed to achieve what it wants in the world because of its value. To start with this aspect we have to keep in might the even though the United States is a super power, it does not always get what it wants. When you look at todays thoughts about the United States declining in political influence, you will find out that it is mostly inaugurated from a desirous bias. All these bias stated that there was a time the United States could get what it wants at any time.That is why before we start commission on the United States political influence we have to recognize that the united states past in just a virtual reality. Even though the United States had failed in the past, it did accomplish some very wonderful things in the years of the cold war, and this aspect of th e essay will focus on the major creation the united states had managed to accomplish which include the NATO alliance, the united nations, the Bretton woodwind economic system and the Marshall plan, and these systems helped the world in both security and economic perspective.The NATO alliance was a defence agreement, in which the United States vie an important role in. The policy of NATO was based on only two major principles. Firstly was to keep a substantial military capacity and strength and also a political unity to block any other type of political influence or pressure or any other form of military trying to invade a member state. The last principle was to reduce the tension between west and east through the use of military strength (). They also concur that any member states that is being attack is an attack on the entire member states. We believe that the United States is very influential in NATO because as we have said before it contains the largest and most skilful armed force in the world.Another view on the United States political influence is in the accomplishment of the United Nations. The united nation was established for the map of bringing most of the countries of the world together to work together and for the development of the world and peace. The united nation was based on justice and the offbeat of all the citizens ().The united states has so much influence in the united nations because the first main plan for a new world organization started in 1939 by the president of the united states franklin Roosevelt. So we can see that without the United States influence mot of this wonderful establishment wont have been created.

Role of ETCs in Directing First Responders to Disaster

Role of ETCs in Directing First Responders to incidentVishesh Sudhir nip Telecommunications professionals (ETCs) play a vital role in the persona of c ar of the residents in the communities in which they serve. This acknowledges preservation of life, property and equipment during critical incidents which may involve unfavour subject outcomes. Critical incidents atomic number 18 events of an unfavourable nature that embarrass deaths in the normal course of work, multiple casualty incidents, natural disasters, berth outages, and emergency events involving a large number of people. Critical Incident accent mark is the ETCs reaction to these events which could interfere with ones ability to drop dead normall(a)y during or after the event. The reactions could be physical stress on the body, cognitive impairments in thinking and emotional change in behavioral patterns, feelings, and personality. Immediate reactions include na single-valued functiona, dizziness, increased heart r ate, muscle pains, confusion, memory loss, hindrance in problem solving and making decisions, anxiety, fearfulness, guilt, and hopelessness. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental conditions which is caused by distressing events such(prenominal) as rape, assault, murder, kidnapping, automobile collision, or serious injury to oneself or others. These are the triggering events for PTSD which includes symptoms such as re-experiencing the event, nightmares, flashbacks, and anniversary of the triggering event could cause it. Later severe symptoms croupe include becoming withdrawn from family and friends, losing interest in activities previously enjoyed, or have difficulty feeling emotions, and world intimate with ones grammatical constituentner. Treatments exist for both CIS and PTSD and there are services engenderable in ones demesne of residence to manage the onrush of these conditions.The First Responder in the video was an experienced ETC professional who was able to help as many people as he by chance could with the severity of the natural disaster that struck the town existence a tornado which required a mass response on the part of the town. He went to each victim that he was able to help with their injuries, bruises, and abrasions all the while keeping in constant communication with coworkers on component part the victims, superiors on calling in additional units and supplies, and the general cosmos on staying safe. The survivors were in a traumatic event and had feelings of being scared, anxious, in fear of their safety and security of themselves and their loved ones. The First Responders felt the same focal point but with more control and experience since they work as ETCs for a living, and if I were one during a tornado I would as well as feel scared, anxious and want to keep all of the victims in the area safe and treat their injuries using the established guidelines.The crisis that occurred in the video could be classified as a natural disaster, which living in southern Ontario have not had any personal involvement in since tornados, hurri after partes, and tsunamis are rare occurrence here. There was the Toronto snowstorm in 1998 caused by La Nina weather patterns which brought record snowfall. My family and I were driving back from my uncles syndicate and our car kept getting stuck in position in the street which then required me to get out of the car to shovel adept the snow tires in order for my mom to get the car locomote further down because they didnt plow the smaller neighbourhood roads that that time which was late at night and it required constant shovelling of the roads just to get the car moving closer to our house which we at long last got to as the snow dissipated.Personal approaches I would use to overcome the pertinacious effects a First Responder might suffer include getting CIS Debriefings and PTSD treatments. The debriefing is a regular series of meetings by by the organization the ET C is employed for, other coworkers, superiors and experts in the conditions of CIS with the purpose of the meetings being to get the ETC professionals to express their feelings on the events they were involved in, what impact it made on them physically in the form of injuries, psychologically in their cognitive patterns, emotionally in their relationships with others, and general behaviour both at home and in public. These meetings are a good approach for First Responders as it allows them to get more info about how to deal with their reactions to the above listed traumatic events, implement support services that are available, and talking to trained experts such as social workers, psychologists, and therapists. For survivors the approach would be to use PTSD treatment that is provided by means of government services such as CMHA, services provided by their employer if they are employed such as a helpline, and services provided by confidential organizations such as Canadian Red Cross. The treatments these services offer include a combination of individual discussion, group discussion similar to the CIS Debriefings, and medication.Methods I would use to increase awareness of CIS and PTSD to coworkers, family, and the public include through word of mouth such as discussion with these interested individuals who involve about it what CIS and PTSD are, provide them examples of each so they have an creative thinker of the types of events surrounding them such as using the videos watched in class or finding a similar event to it on the Internet. I would use social media websites to educate the general public on CIS and PTSD with study pages about the conditions including what they are, symptoms, and treatment options available and clash information of the organizations that offer assistance to those who have CIS and PTSD. Other approaches include starting an outreach company which provides informational sessions to the general public in places such as malls, parks, schools, libraries, and federation centres and provide the public brochures, pamphlets, booklets and contact information to organizations which offer assistance. I can also use media sources such as the local newspaper, radio station, and popular Internet destinations and present to these media sources information on CIS and PTSD in a presentation style that can accommodate their schedule.The complexity of CIS and PTSD means there is much investigate to be done on these conditions by the established medical community and so for those with these conditions the chance to increase awareness about it doing their own research, being more proactive and by being an advocate for finding cures for these conditions. The beaver method is the method the individual uses in their own personal circumstance.(Reference for CISD Emergency Medical Responder 3rd Canadian Edition Pearson Canada Limmer, Karren, et. Al. 2010 Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ch. 2 pg. 16-17 in textbook)PTSD from CMHA ht tp//www.cmha.ca/mental_health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/CISD http//www.info-trauma.org/flash/media-e/mitchellCriticalIncidentStressDebriefing.pdfhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_incident_stress_management

Gated DIBH for Left Sided Breast Cancer Patients

Gated DIBH for Left Sided Breast Cancer PatientsChapter III mannerological analysis3.1 inquiry ObjectivesThe explore project examines left-sided dope messcer long-sufferings receiving therapy with gated DIBH technique use the commercially avail able revolutions per minute system. The primary objective of this interrogation is to esteem whether left-sided breast cancer longanimouss go away benefit from gated DIBH. The interest in per found this investigate arises from having m all left-sided breast cancer long-sufferings that have large flashiness of vegetable marrow in the discourse field, and hence argon at find for cardiac toxicities in the future. The secondary objectives of this investigate is to look at forbearing roles quilt and downstairsstanding, and ray of light therapists workload. This chapter impart dissertate the savour selection, estimable issues, instrumentation, entropy collection unconscious processs, selective information analysis, l imitations, evaluate results, work discover and clippingline.3.2 Sample selection and descriptionThe judge sample sizing was calculate victimization the legislation (Chan, 2003) for paired samples as seen below,Total sample size = where c is 10.5 for 90% power, is the standardised effect size, given by the formula (Chan, 2003)where 1 and 2 be the meaning of the two give-and-take groups, and is the communal standard deviation.The 90% power represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is out of true (Chan, 2003). It is postulated that a good interference loss () amid the 2 groups is 0.2 units with an SD () of 0.5 units (Chan, 2003). With these set, the pass judgment sample size is 68.Sixty-eight left-sided breast cancer patients result be selected for this research victimisation a simple random sampling method acting. The patient population will be chosen at random to execute a diverse group of patients with variable breast and centre volum es.The criteria for this sample would be female patients with left-sided breast cancer below the age of 70. In addition, the patients must be able to hold their breath. These patients will be recruited afterward being screened by the oncologists. The oncologists will do a simple breath-hold interrogatory with patients to adjudicate if they are able to hold their breath for at least(prenominal) 20 seconds. This is because patients will be filmd to hold their breath during the CT gaze for a sequence of 18 seconds.This research will require 2 sets of computed-tomography (CT) scans from each patient of which one is at free active and the other at DIBH. Both sets will have identical patient setup. Patients will be lying supine with some(prenominal) arms to a higher place head on a posirest, having the visual goggles on (see vermiform accompaniment M, image A) with a 6-reflective markers block on patients introductory abdominal surface (see extension H). With the goggles, th ey are able to view the screen, as seen in image B in Appendix M, in revisal to see their breathing patterns. For each patient, 2 treatment plans will be generated one using the CT images at free breathing with photon negatron see technique and the other using the CT images at DIBH with gated DIBH technique using rev with 3-mm intervals.3.3 ethical Issues and Informed consentAny research involving human subjects conducted in the hospital would require adherence to ethical standards. The procedure requires the collation of a list of investigators in the department that intends to conduct clinical trials (see Appendix N), and to apply and attend the Singapore Guideline for Good clinical Practice (SGGCP) course. This Course projects that the conduct of clinical trials follows internationally acceptable ethical and scientific standards (see Appendix O). The ethics polish up will be carried out by the National healthcare Group domain specific review board which is an independent c ommittee constituted of medical, scientific and non-scientific members, whose responsibility is to ensure the protection of the rights, guard duty and well-being of human subjects involved in a research study by reviewing, approving and providing continuing review of research studies, and of the methods and materials to be utilise in obtaining and documenting informed consent of the research subjects (National University wellness System, 2010). When a principal investigator submits an application via the research online administration and focussing system, it is automatically routed to the department part for endorsement, and subsequently the institution representative for endorsement, forward it is delivered to the domain specific review board secretariat (National University Health System, 2010). completely research studies submitted will be classified under one of the avocation review categories exempt review, expedited review, full Board review (see Appendix P) (National University Health System, 2010). Based on the definitions in Appendix P, this study is classified as an expedited review.Ethics approval for research is needed for several reasons. Firstly, ethical norms sanction the aims of research, much(prenominal) as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error (Resnik, 2011).Secondly, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and pallidity (Resnik, 2011). For example, guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are intentional to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration (Poortmans, 2013).honorable norms in research also help to build public substitute for research as people are more likely to farm animal research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research (Resnik, 2011).Finally, m both of the norms of research promote a variety of other central moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, form with the law, and health and safety. This also protect the rights and welfare of participants and minimise the risk of personal and mental discomfort and harm from research procedures (Canterbury Christ Church University, 2006). Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human subjects curiously if the researcher fails to abide by the regulations and guidelines relating to shaft of light therapy or biological safety (Resnik, 2011).Informed consent is the process by which the patient voluntarily confirms her willingness to get into in this research, after being informed of all the aspects of the research that are relevant to her decision-making (National Healthcare Group, 2013). The informed consent is documented by means of written signatures, date informed consent form and the language use during the explanation to the patient by the oncologist. In the consent, in that locati on should be 3 signatures the patients, the doctors and the witness signature. For patients who cannot read and announce English, a qualified translator will be around during the signing of the consent.3.4 Research design and instrumentationThis research is a mixture of qualitative and vicenary research methods (see Appendix Q). Quantitative research corresponds to a deductive scientific method of research which uses data in the form of numbers and statistics to trial run hypotheses, using a large and randomly selected sample that is a representative of the population (Pearce, et al. 2013 Johnson Christensen 2010).This is in contrast to the qualitative approach which corresponds to an inductive method of research which uses words, pictures or objects to examine a phenomenon, requiring unless a lower-ranking and non-randomly selected sample (Pearce, et al. 2013 Johnson Christensen 2010).Patients will be scanned using Toshiba Aquilion Large Bore CT-simulator (Toshiba, 2014). Th e treatment plans will be generated using Varian Medical Eclipse Treatment mean System and patients will be treated with DIBH technique using revolutions per minute from Varian Trilogy unidimensional gunman (Varian Medical System, 1999-2014).3.5 Data collection proceduresThe very(prenominal) irradiation oncologist will perform all the delineation of the clinical target volume, the smell and LADCA for consistency purposes (see Appendix R). The delineation will be done consort to radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) breast contouring recommendations (Goksel, et al., 2013). Patients CT images at breath hold will be used to plan for DIBH technique while the one at free breathing will be planned for photon negatron catch technique. The treatments will be planned such that the clinical target volumes coverage of the dose diffusion is kept betwixt 90% and 110% of the prescribed dose. For each plan, affectionateness and LADCA volumes were calculated in cm3. Dose volumes to th e heart and LADCA will be normalized by dividing with the total organ volume. Heart and LADCA volumes receiving 5Gy to 50Gy (V5-V50) will be generated for comparison of treatment techniques. Dose statistical distributions can be presented as DVHs and representing the statistical dose distribution in a volume of interest. These statistical data will be recorded and presented in tables.Patient education is a very consequential component in DIBH technique using revolutions per minute to reduce fear and increase their confidence about receiving radiation therapy (Halkett Kristjanson, 2007). Patient education tools can be in many forms such as video or pamphlet (Halkett Kristjanson, 2007). For this research, a pamphlet have been created to educate patients on DIBH technique using RPM (see Appendix S). A qualitative research method such as face-to-face converse is chosen to valuate patients comfort and understanding at the middle of the treatment and on the last twenty-four hour p eriod of treatment as this only require the patients to speak the same language in which the questions are asked, and to have basic oral and listening skills (Bowling, 2009). The primary objective of this standardised and open-ended oppugn (Valenzuela Shrivastava, n.d.) is to determine the degree of understanding as well as patients comfort. The questions (see Appendix T) will be asked by the oncologist during the middle of the treatment and on the last day of treatment.The advantages of face-to-face interviews are that reading and writing skills are not required, interviewers are able to probe fully for responses and clarify any ambiguities, they can ask more complicated and detailed questions, and patients are able to clarify if they do not understand the questions (Bowling, 2009). This would be a give away technique than self-administered questionnaires because pre-coded response choices may not be sufficiently countrywide and patients may be forced to choose inappropriate pre-coded answers that might not fully represent their views (Bowling, 2009). This causes the data to be bias as the patients replies are influenced by the design of the pre-coded response choices. Self-administered questionnaires also faux that the questions are worded in a way that is understood by the patients (Bowling, 2009). Patients may misinterpret the questions and reply based on their own interpretation and questionnaires may be a problem for patients who are unable to read or write (Bowling, 2009). Most importantly, one-to-one interviews with standardised questions appeared to have the highest reliability (University of Leicester, n.d.).The radiation therapists workload will be measuring stickd in terms of learning hours, and the comparison of treatment duration and manpower required for gated DIBH using RPM and photon electron match technique (see Appendix U) will be recorded and presented in charts.3.6 Data analysisPaired samples t-test will be used to determine whet her thither is a significant dissimilitude between the average dose to the heart and LADCA values made under photon electron match plan and gated DIBH using RPM plan (Norman Streiner, 2008). This is used because the data are careful at the scale level and the data are related (Hawkins, 2009). The amount of radiation received by the heart can be recorded by comparing the DVHs of the photon electron match with gated DIBH using RPM. The statistical figures can be analysed using Statistical bundle for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Yavas, et al., 2012). Paired samples t-test will be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the average dose to the heart and LADCA values made under photon electron match plan and gated DIBH using RPM plan (Easton McColl, 2014). A p-value of Patients understanding and comfortThe questions (see Appendix T) from the standardised and open-ended interview were developed by a team of 2 radiation oncologists, a nurse and 2 radiation thera pists. The areas of discussion were based on the groups clinical view with left-sided breast cancer patients and their extensive knowledge on DIBH using RPM. The interview aims to determine the patients level of comfort and understanding of the gated DIBH using RPM. The design of the questionnaire will determine the reliability and validity of the opened-ended interview to measure patients level of comfort and understanding.Reliability is defined as the extent to which questionnaire will produce the same results on repeated trials (Miller, n.d.), and is measured by its equivalence and stability. Equivalence reliability surveyes the consistency of the judgement of the patients answer by the interview (Miller, n.d.). It is improved by pre-empting a range of responses that might be given by the patients and give a pre-determined rating to each response so that the interviewers will have the same level of judgement (Miller, n.d.). For example, _____________-Stability reliability is co rrelated to the repeatability of the patients response under the same conditions after a period of time (Miller, n.d.). For this interview, the patients will be interviewed twice, once during mid-treatment and the other on the last day of their treatment. Their responses from both sessions will be compared to determine if there are any deviance. This assumes that the characteristics that is measured doesnt change with time, and that the time period is long lavish that the memories from the 1st interview will not influence the responses of the 2nd interview (Miller, n.d.).The validity of the interview is the extent to which the interview questions measures what it purport to measure, and it generally takes the form of content validity (Miller, n.d.). Content validity is the degree to which the questions fully assess or measure the intention of the interview (Miller, n.d.). This was determined by permit the team review the individual questions for readability, clarity and comprehens iveness and come to some(a) level of agreement as to which items should be included in the concluding interview questions. The interview questions (see Appendix T) were reviewed and accepted by the team prior to the conduct of the interview.The treatment duration will be recorded as seen in Appendix U and a paired samples t-test similar to appendix V will be used to determine whether there is a significant difference, where the null hypothesis (H0) is there is no difference between the treatment time with photon electron match technique and DIBH using RPM technique.The radiation therapist workload will be analysed based on the minimum number of manpower required for gated DIBH using RPM as compared to photon electron match technique and in terms of training hours. This will be discussed among the radiation therapists and presented in charts.3.7 LimitationThis research can only sample from a small size due to constraint of resources where there is only 1 treatment unit that has the RPM equipment required for DIBH technique. The evaluate sample size calculated is only an estimate as the treatment difference and standard deviation are never known in advance (Norman Streiner, 2008). As such, the actual sample size may be slightly smaller than 68.3.8 judge ResultsThe results from this research are expected to depute optimal radiation exposure volumes and doses for the heart and LADCA when treated with gated DIBH using RPM compared to photon electron match technique at free breathing. These results are expected to be compatible with findings from previous studies (Pedersen, et al., 2004 Korreman, et al., 2005 Shim, et al., 2012 Mast, et al., 2013). As such, showing that patients with left sided breast cancer will benefit from gated DIBH using RPM. Treatment time duration for gated DIBH using RPM is expected to have a significant difference and be faster than photon electron match technique. As gated DIBH using RPM is new to the radiation therapists, the worklo ad is expected to be heavier in the beginning.3.9 work outThere will be no additional cost for this research as the RPM equipment is already available together with the linear accelerator from Varian (Varian Medical System, 1999-2014). There will be no cost for training on the usage for RPM by Varian as it was included in the package when the linear accelerators were bought in 2013. Patients recruited for this research will be aerated the same cost as photon electron match treatment technique.3.10 Expected TimelineThis research aims to commence from January 2015 till December 2015. The work plan for both the principal investigator and research assistants can be seen in Appendix W.Chapter IV ConclusionThis research aims to review gated DIBH using RPM as a treatment technique for left-sided breast cancer patients as compared to photon electron match in terms of the radiation dose received by the heart and LADCA. Paired t-test is chosen to measure the significant difference between th e dose received by the heart in photon electron match technique and DIBH using RPM technique. Based on literatures that were review, the results are expected to be in favour of gated DIBH using RPM. Interviews will be conducted to assess patients comfort and understanding about gated DIBH using RPM. And data collection will be done calculate the workload of the radiation therapist. The results from interview and data collection will allow us to gauge further if it is really practical to implement gated DIBH using RPM in our department. If the results are clinically significant and positive, gated DIBH using RPM will be implemented into our department.4.1 RecommendationFor future recommendation to try contrast-enhanced CT scan in left-sided breast patients so that the LADCA can be seen clearly in the scan and able to be delineated by the doctor in effect (Yu, et al., 2013). This is to increase the accuracy of the delineation of LADCA as well as the accurate amount of radiation dose received by it. After this research, other study can be done in the future on the reproducibility of patients breath holding level for each fraction using a cine acquisition mode (CAM) of a linear accelerator during treatment (Goksel, et al., 2013).

Marketing Mix: Tactical Components To Promote Sales

merchandising Mix Tactical Comp sensationnts To Promote SalesCarlsberg is in like manner unity of the largest brewers in Europe. More over, Carlsberg is headquartered in Valby in Copenh seasonn, Denmark. Carlsberg beer portfolio includes much than 500 stigmatizes and they ar varies signifi go offtly in term of volume, terms, target audience and geographic penetration. The partnerships main put up is Carlsberg Beer however it besides brews Tuborg as well too. In January 2001, Carlsberg breweries immov commensurate to liquefy with the Norwegian brewery group Orkla ASA and later Carlsberg has become the fifth largest brewery group in the terra firma.Currently, Povl Krogsgaar-Larsen is the chairwoman of the Executive Board of Carlsberg insane asylum while Jess Soderberg is the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Board of Carlsberg Foundation. Meanwhile, Flemming Besenbacher is unity of the members of the Executive Board of Carlsberg Foundation from 2005 until today.1.1 memo rial BackgroundCarlsberg was constituted in 1847 by J.C. Jacobsen on a pile at Valby. In straddle to expand the brand anatomy of Carlsberg, it discrete to start its exportation in the stratum 1868. In 1870, Carlsberg had started to become a very successful brewery and the founder, J.C. Jacobsen wanted to sh atomic fig 18 his business with his country.In 1875, the Carlsberg fashion for Centre was established to investigate on scientific problem tie in to brewing and pi unmatch subjectered the very latest brewing technology and techniques. there ar more than 1000 scientists devoted to the art of quality beer manufacturing shortly. J.C. Jacobson established the Carlsberg Foundation in 1876.In the year 1906, the Old Carlsberg and New Carlsberg obligate unify and changed the name to Carlsberg breweries due to the division of returnion was non viable in the long term. As for today, Carlsberg is the beer for modern young bulk who speak atomic subject 53 language in th e mankind race with no boundaries. As for culture, the Carlsberg brand as well countenances support to unhomogeneous actions in the world, such(prenominal) as golf tournaments in Asia and English Liverpool Footb tout ensemble Club.Carlsberg has it owns presidency target, mission and vision. The mission of Carlsberg Compevery is to be a dynamic provider of quality beers and its too bring its evoke brand, innovative culture and committed teams which forget brings tidy sum together and sum more enjoyment in life. Furthermore, their participations vision is probably the leading the beer federation among the world in assign to become the offset printing choice of the pull inrs, customers and employees and as well as by fully understanding their needinesss and proactively driving commercialise place scramment.2.0 What is Marketing Mix?Marketing mix is a conspiracy of tactical components to instigate the gross revenue of a product or emolument (MarketingTeacher, 2 010). The firm ro engagement control the marketplaceing mix in order to achieve precise purposes in spite of appearance a dynamic marketing environment. Basic onlyy, the major marketing ratiocination nonify be divided into four categories which ar k without delayn as product, terms, forwarding and place ( overly known as 4Ps).ProductProduct is a complex combination of tangible and intangible attributes that provide satisfaction and benefits to the alliance such as the good, service and idea (Prentice Hall, 2008). When marketing a product, entrepreneurs need to consider and decide the factors which be quality, design, features, classification, utility, branding, box and labeling of a particular product.Carlsberg decided to drivel out line extensions to ex run for its brand names to saucily fashion models, colors, sizes, ingredients or flavor of its existing product categories (Prentice Hall, 2008). Carlsberg has erectd assorted types of beers in the market thr oughout the globe and they also try to launch disparate flavors of beers as they know that individual has divers(prenominal) insight and preference for the beer products. By doing this, Carlsberg stop the sack be able to satisfy the consumers needs and wants.These atomic number 18 the popular types of beers of CarlsbergCarlsberg Elephant Carlsberg lager beer Tabor GoldSpecial brewage Tabor unripe danish Royal Stout nin-sinCarlsberg is made from pale lager malt, bittering hops, flavour hops and Carlsberg bottom fermenting yeast. However, Carlsberg has launched diverse types of beer which give the sack match with various types of dishes, such as seafood, vegetarian, cheese and former(a)s (Carlsberg root word, 2010).Carlsbergs beer products be considered as the convenience goods in consumer product due to the beer products is considered as an inexpensive item which consumers corrupt oftentimes and do non do a good deal comparison with different diversify beer produ cts. So, Carlsberg guild result differentiate their beer products, produce quality beers, hold dainty elbow room and design, wrap with unique packaging and labels in order to signalize itself with its competitors in the global market, such as Heineken and Tiger. too, the raw materials that utilise to produce the beers argon the malted barley, hops, yeast, gluten and water. The quality level is different with its competitors in the market because the type of the raw materials that Carlsberg utilize is not the resembling. For example, the ways they planted the hops which is one of the raw ingredients be different, so it ordain end up with different kind of taste. there are also whatsoever refuge policies in Carlsberg, each of every branch that brews Carlsberg under pass, they need to come out every type of beers of its sample for once a month for the preference panel to test in order to visualize the quality of the products (CarlsbergGroup, 2010). So, Carlsberg bed c onsistently deliver the quality that customers pay for.However, one of the Carlsbergs competitors, Heineken, the comp any(prenominal) produced shell which is one of their beer products that is non-alcoholic. So, Heineken sens target those young heavy(a)s and all the religions in the world to obtain its non-alcoholic products. Carlsberg did not produce any non-alcohol drink and it mogul fall behind its sales because Heineken targets all the consumers irregardless their religion in order to gain ground up their sale and get byd with Carlsberg. Therefore, Carlsberg should also produce non-alcohol drink in order to compete with its elusive competitors, Heineken.3.1 PackagingIn the packaging aspect, Carlsberg company uses aluminum give the gates and glass bottle which can be recycled. The purpose of the packaging is to encourage the product from damage and assist sellers in attracting attention to the product (Prentice Hall, 2008).The draw at a lower place shows the differe nce between the packaging designs of the Carlsberg Lager.BEFORE AFTERChanges of the packaging design of Carlsberg Lager.By doing this, Carlsberg can acquire instant consumer recognition of the company or brand. Moreover, by making the packaging design unique, Carlsberg can competes with its competitors and its products packaging can also taking into custody the attention of the consumers even if its products are on the same retail store shelves with other substitute beers. For example, Carlsberg started to use environmentally responsible packaging materials and packaging the Carlsberg lager into a unique style glass bottle and less used of papers on it.However, some elderly customers might not be able to see the spoken communication that are curved on the Carlsberg Lagers bottle and end up purchasing other substitute beers that the words can be see cl early on. So, Carlsberg should also pay attention on the minority consumers and improve its packaging to look more outstanding th an the other beer brands in the market.3.2 LabelingLabels can be ranged from artless tags attached to products to complex graphics that are part of the package (Prentice Hall, 2008). Moreover, Carlsberg labels its products might also help to promote its products and also support its positioning. As for information, absolute majority of the consumers go away look at the percentage of the alcohol of the beer products and they prefer to buy those beer products contain with high percentage of alcohol.Carlsberg labels their beer products in detailCarlsberg Special BrewIt contains 12kcal of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 2.6g of alcohol.Carlsberg LagerIt contains 12kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 1.1g of alcohol.TaborIt contains 12kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 1.4g of alcohol.Carlsberg ElephantIt contains 13.75kcl of calories, 1.3g of carbohydrates, and 2.9 g of alcohol.Danish Royal Stout GinsengIt contains 15kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 0 .1g of alcohol.Tabor GoldIt contains 12kc of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 2.3g alcohol. too that, Carlsberg ensures that their labels contain all the required information and also verbalise on its products that young bighearteds who are below the age of 18 could not consume its beer products.3.3 BrandingBranding is important to the company because branding can add value to a product. Consumers prefer to buy goods by viewing the brand of the particular goods in the market. Since 1904, Carlsberg has a knockout and well-known brand name in the beer industry.The shibboleth of Carlsberg is Probably the better(p) lager in the world.Previously, Carlsbergs original logos include the swastika and an elephant. However, the world famous Carlsberg logo was introduced by Thorvald Bindesbell in the year 1904, for the launch of Carlsberg pilsner (Logo Design, 2010). The jacket on the logo stands for the companys association with the Royal Danish Court.Pricing worth is the inwardness of money charged for a product or service (Prentice Hall, 2008). It is important to set a footing for a product to create and capture customer values in the market.In Malaysia, the giving medication has an authorization to set the price for Carlsbergs products which is banned from Muslim. Several country like Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Malaysia turn in apply piecemeal legislation such as banning the publicize on TV for any alcoholic beverages but the alcohol companies soothe drive home the right and freedom to promote their products. In addition to duties and shine tax, the government levies a sales tax of 20 per cent on the Carlsbergs beer product.As Carlsberg consumption is consider as price-sensitive, major changes in taxes whitethorn have an impact on demand. In Russia, an extreme 200% growth in excise duties on beer was implemented in January 2010, and in July 2009 the Ukraine implemented a significant increase of 94% in beer excise obligation (Bloomberg, 2010). Carlsbe rg has carry out thorough scenario planning for 2010 and subsequent years found on already known and anticipated increases in beer excise job levels. The scenarios include evaluation of prices, packaging and product mix, regional and national market positions and microeconomic factors such as changes in supply and demand for various input costs.Price listing of Carlsberg ProductsThe tables above show the price list of the product of both company ac cording to the types of beers and the size volume of the beers. We have converted the price of each product from the United State vaulting horse ($) to Ringgit Malaysia (RM).4.1 Internal and external considerationsEvery country has different pricing for Carlsbergs beer products. For example, Malaysia is an Muslim country. So, malays are not allowed to consume alcoholic drinks. The price of Carlsberg in Malaysia supposedly to be charged in a lower price compared to non- Islamic country. There are some areas in Malaysia which have duty- free for Carlsberg such as Pulau Langkawi.4.2 Pricing StrategiesPrice-Adjustment StrategiesSegmented pricingSegmented pricing is to adjust the price to allow for differences in customers, products or locations (Prentice hall, 2008).Carlsberg company uses location pricing, so the price of Carlsberg can be adjusted and flexible but it depends on different country and even in restaurants. Carlsberg focus their sales in pub, restaurants or clubbing place. For instance, comparing the price of Carlsberg between pub and miniskirt market, it seems apparently that the price of Carlsberg in pub would be relatively higher(prenominal) than mini market because people who go to pub are found to be able to afford it and the area of the pub is considered as high class.Carlsberg implements terrene low pricing (EDLP) which involves charging a constant everyday low price with fewerer or no temporary price discounts. It usually exit have some discounts during the festival seasons like Chinese New class and Christmas. Besides that, Carlsberg use pricing at or near which is one of the pricing strategies. There are few substitute beer products in the market, so the price of the Carlsbergs products get out be the same or slightly different with the other substitute beer products. Thus, it can prevent the happening of the price state of war between Carlsberg and other beer brands.As for information, the price of Carlsbergs products are cheaper compared to the price of Heinekens product but it is slightly lower than the price of Heinekens product. However, the price of Carlsberg and Tiger are the same regardless the size of the beer or packaging. This impart be tough for Carlsberg to boost up its sales due to the price for Carlsberg and Tiger are the same in the market. Carlsberg can increase its sales by up(p) the quality of the beers and give out free gift whenever consumers purchase a carton of Carlbergs beer products. By giving out free gift or limited edition stuff, it will attract the consumers to buy Carlsbergs beer products sooner than buy other substitute beer brands in the market.5.0 PromotionCarlsberg is well-known in one hundred five countries such as Japan, Australia, Africa, China, India, and Malaysia, etc and change in more than 150 markets. Besides that, Carlsberg has adopted some aggressive progresss around the world to pursuit people consume and aware it. In order to compete with its competitors, promotion essential be done in order to increase the reputation, generate sales and profits. There are few strong beer brand eager to compete with Carlsberg since Carlsberg is an international business which have branches all around the world, such as Asia, Europe, and other countries. Promotion tactical manoeuvre for Carlsberg are advertising, public relations, sale promotion and personal selling.Moreover, Carlsberg is creating brand awareness in the public. Its public relations is Carlsberg hue Zing Education inventory (CEF) which gi ve out Studies Loan to all Malaysian citizens who are enrolled in topical anaesthetic or foreign institutions of higher learning hold certificate in UEC, SPM or STPM, or any higher certificate. In the Year 2009, the Carlsberg Hue Zing Education Fund had allocated astir(predicate) RM450, 000 which had aided 31 students in need of financial assistance. By doing this, Malaysia citizens will have a good impression on Carlsberg and tend to consume its beer products due to other beer brands never adopt this strategy to create awareness for their products.Carlsberg was crowned the Grand sugar winner of the 11 annual Chinese New Year greeting advertisement award unionized by China Press and Nan yang Siang Pau. It cleverly illustrates the transformation of the Chinese character from Ox to Life by adding the iconic Carlsberg swoosh. Furthermore, Carlsberg also have produced their own bottle opener which had their brand name on stated on it. The Glass Beer which label with the logo and Car lsberg Pilsner is also one of the promotion for Carlsberg in Malaysia.5.1 AdvertisingCase 1The contest open to all non-Muslim residents of Malaysia ONLY.Join the Carlsberg Monaco Promotion Contest now and you could win yourself an all expenses give holiday on private yacht in Monaco. Buy the Carlberg beers that carry a scratch-to-win sticker , scratch it to get the calculate and submit the code complete with a slogan I am inspired . (in 20 words or less) victimisation SMS or via the website.For more informations, terms and conditions , amuse visit the contests site.Prizes Grand Prize 7D/6N all expenses paid holiday on private yacht in Monaco for 4 personSpecial Prize 11 x 3D/2N paid holiday and yacht drive in Langkawi for 2 personsWeekly Prize 15 x iPOD make (1GB)Contest End On 25th May 2007Posted April 30, 2007 by ContestStation.net in Buy Win ContestsAs the case 1 above, we can see that in order to increase their sales, Carlsberg create a campaign, which provide scratch-to -win sticker to some Carlsberg beer and the participants are required to provide a slogan with the requirement, free traveling is available if they win in the competition. Meanwhile, Carlsberg can also get some inspiration of Slogan from customers and knows more about their consumers. This will create a win-win situation which both the consumers and Carlsberg gain benefit too.In this case, Carlsberg shows that they take importance on the political environment on Malaysia. Malaysia is an Islamic country and alcoholic drinks is il efficacious in the past, after few years, the government allowed alcoholic drinks to be imported into Malaysia but with the condition that Islamic people are not allowed to purchased or consumed alcoholic drinks. So, Carlsberg only opened this competition for non-Muslim which they are allowed to purchase alcoholic drinks. This shows that Carlsberg did a research before they take in this activity in Malaysia. Assuming if Carlsberg ignore the rule and regula tions, the government will take action on them, or even banned them from importation the alcoholic drinks to Malaysia.5.2 Direct MailDirect Mail is a sy stop of advertising to increase the awareness of what promotion does the company had. It is now cosmos claimed that is the fastest and the just about saving cost in order to advertise. Carlsberg company spends money on buying the database to record the customers information, such as income level, race, age, taste and preference. By doing this, mailing to the right consumers to promote Carlsbergs beer products will be much more effective than mailing to those consumers who are not interested in alcoholic drinks. So, Carlsberg can send promotion via telecommunicate to the customers to inform them about their sweet beer products and contest.However, one of the problems organism faced by Carlsberg is that their name was be used by illegal organization which used their company direct to scam people money. As shown in below, one o f the consumers received the email which was send by the scammer and the email stated that she won a lottery which up to 650,000.00 Pounds from Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Company. When she attempted to called the contact count that was provided in the mail, she was shock to find out that the people ask her to pay a few thousand pounds for the bank exaltation fees before she can get the rewards. check Sun, 29 Jun 2008 032709 -0600 (MDT)From Carlsberg Company Promotion emailprotectedReply-To emailprotectedSubject You Won 650.000.00 Pounds Sterlings level For Clam nowCarlsberg UK Ltd, Jacobsen House140 Bridge Street,Northampton, NN1 1PZ ***PROMOTION relation*** Dear Winner,This is to inform you of the portray of Six Hundred and Fifty megabyte Pounds (650,000.00 Pounds) from Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Company.This Promotion demo is to raise the profile of Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Products consumers males / females in rural and urban Areas.The online promotions ema il lists were generated from the World Wide Web. This promotion takes place annually to dispute and to take market parcel from the popular Dutch import beer. The tactics included live events, local campaigns and general buzz to establish the brand one neighborhood at a time in major urban / rural Areas.Your Email Ref Number falls at heart our European booklet representatives office in United Kingdom . In view of this, your Award of Six Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds Sterlings (650,000.00 Pounds Sterlings) will be assoild to you by will commence the process to facilitate the release of your funds as soon as you contacthim, find below the contact detailsMr. Edward Phil Processing Director. Email emailprotected Tel +44 70457 24289 He will brief you on steps to be taken for due affect and remittance of your prize money. File in for your Claims by Furnishing your Fiduciary doer the information below. VERIFICATION AND FUNDS RELEASE FORM 1. FULL name________________ 2. ADDRESS____ _____City_________State________Postcode_______Country_____3. SEX________________ 4. AGE________________ 5. OCCUPATION________________ 6. TELEPHONE NUMBER________________ 7. NATIONALITY____________________ trend Of Transfer (Bank to Bank online Transfer) From the management of Carlsberg Company UK we would like to say a big congratulation to you Sincerely, Mrs. Dianne Thompson Online Coordinator, Carlsberg Beer Malta BreweriesIn this case, Carlsberg should be aware of scam organization in the world and it should start to take actions to solve the serious scamming problems which will harm the company brand name in the proximo. Carlsberg can publishes through newspaper or via Email that they would never organize any contest which will need the customers to bank in a certain amount of money in order to win prizes.The promotion mix of Carlsberg is not very efficient because it is lacked of public relation. Therefore, if the consumers give any comments or offerions, Carlsberg can make any adjustment to fulfill the consumer wants and improve their beer products quality in the future.6.0 PlaceCarlsberg company distributes its products throughtout the world. Carlsberg has divided their market into four groups which are Afica and middle East, Americas, Asia and Europe. There are about 45,000 people are working for Carlsberg Group. Besides that, Carlsbergs products are available in exactly 314 countries all over the world.Furthermore, Carlsberg also has the same dispersion channel with Heineken (its competitor) such as the wholesale distribution and retail distribution to distribute their products to the customers. Carlsberg will deliver their products to a combination of convience store or hypermarkers like Tesco or Jusco. Carlsberg does not have any distrbution condense like Heineken or Tiger because Carlsberg focus on the retail distribution to distribute their products. Some of the example of the retail distribution are the pubs, clubs or bars. Carlsberg will establish alliance with some of the retail distribution to increase their sales.The market of Carlsberg in Africa is categorized according to the geographical. They made the division into West Africa, exchange Africa, Southern Africa, Eastern Africa and also North Africa. The Carlsberg Group has been active in western Africa for many years. In central Africa, presently there are only four markets present in Central Africa which is Gabon, Congo, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. In Cameroon, Les Brasseries du Cameroun has been producing Tuborg Gold topically since 1979, along with the range of local brands. Cameroon is a very competitive market compared to the rest of the region, with the consumption of 25 liters per person per year.In December 1969, Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia Berhad began brewing with Carlsberg Green Label beer locally in 1972. The Carlsberg brand had become the part of daily life and it is now the undisputed market leader with more than a 50% share of the Malaysi an beer market. Carlsberg Malaysia has aimed to be at the forefront of innovation and quality and invariably led the market with dynamic product launches and good dealive consumer campaigns. In 2008, Carlsberg Green Label received Malaysias Gold Most Trusted Brand Award for the ninth consecutive year in the Readers Digest consumer survey. In the same year, Carlsberg Malaysia was also announced as the winner of the 2008 Strongest Winning Culture Award amongst all the Carlsberg Group Company across the world.Furthermore, Carlsberg company plans to enter into the Germanys market. There are about 1300 breweries in Germany which is quite a lot of number compare to other small retails. The Germany beer is known as Carlsberg Deutschland. The Germany beer market has been rather sheltered from the rest of the world because of the German Reinheitsgebot regulation, which discoverd back to the year of 1516. In 2004, Carlsberg acquires a majority shareholding in Holsten-Brauerei. The market p osition of Carlsberg in Northern Germany is second, while at the whole Germany is the fifth.As for the distribution part, we suggest that Carlsberg should follow the steps of Heineken and Tiger (its competitors) to open several distribution join in many countries, so that the consumers can be able to consume Carlsbergs beer products at anytime and anywhere. Besides that, Carlsberg should also built some distribution center at the rural area, although the place was not well developed. By doing this, more and more people will start to know Carlsbergs brand name throughout the world regardless in the city or rural area. ancestor Cells History, Properties and seek groundwork Cells History, Properties and ResearchHistoryStem mobile phonesare cadresfound in all multi carrelularorganisms. They are characterized by the major power to renew themselves throughmitotic prison cell division anddifferentiateinto a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the fundament cell fiel d grew out of findings byErnest A. McCullochand James E. troughat theUniversity of Torontoin the 1960sThe two broad types of mammalian base cells are immature fore cellsthat are isolated from theinner cell massofblastocysts, and big(p) musical theme cellsthat are found in handsome tissues. In a developing conceptus, prow cells can differentiate into all of the specialized embryonal tissues. In givingorganisms, stanch cells and primogenitor cellsact as a repair sy basis for the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the figure turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.Stem cells can now be grown and transformed into specialized cells with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves throughcell culture. highly plastic fully grown fore cells from a variety of get-gos, includingumbilical cord bloodandbone marrow, are routinely used in aesculapian exam therapies. Embryoniccell lines andautologous embryonal rootage cells generated through remedy cloninghave also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies content (Jump to)1Properties1.1Self-renewal1.2 effectuality comments1.3 identification2Embryonic3 bighearted4Amniotic5 generate pluripotent6Lineage7Treatments8Research patents9Key research events10ReferencesPropertiesThe continent comment of a fundament cell requires that it possess two propertiesSelf-renewal the cogency to go through numerouscyclesofcell divisionwhile maintaining the consistent state.Potency the electrical capacity todifferentiateinto specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires groundwork cells to be eithertotipotentorpluripotent to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although strongorunipotentprogenitor cellsare sometimes referred to as pedestal cells.Self-renewalTwo mechanisms exist to ensure that the fundament cell population is maintainedObligatory a cruciform restitution a stem cell divides into one young woman cellthat is superposable to the original stem cell, and another daughter cell that is differentiated random preeminence when one stem cell develops into two differentiated daughter cells, another stem cell undergoesmitosisand produces two stem cells identical to the original.Potency definitionsPluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only the morulas cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta.Humanembryonicstem cellsA Cell colonies that are not yet differentiated.BNervecellPotencyspecifies the differentiation strength (the voltage to differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell.Totipotent(a.k.aomnipotent) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types. Such cells can excogitation a complete, viable, organism.These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. C ells produced by the root few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent.Pluripotentstem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells,i.e. cells derived from any of the terniongerm layers.Multipotentstem cells can differentiate into a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells.Oligopotentstem cells can differentiate into only a few cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.Unipotentcells can produce only one cell type, their own,but have the property of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells (e.g. muscle stem cells).IdentificationThe practical definition of a stem cell is the functional definition a cell that has the potential to regenerate tissue over a lifetime. For example, the gold standard test for a bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the ability to transplant one cell and save an individual without HSCs. In this case, a stem cell essential be able to produce new blood cells and immune cells over a long term, demonstrating potency. It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.Properties of stem cells can be illustratedin vitro, using methods such asclonogenic assays, where single cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate and self-renew.As well, stem cells can be isolated based on a characteristic set of cell surface markers. However,in vitroculture conditions can spay the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar mannerin vivo. Considerable debate exists whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.EmbryonicEmbryonic stem cell lines(ES cell lines) are cultures of cells derived from theepiblasttissue of theinner cell mass(ICM) of ablastocystor earliermorulastage embryos.A blastocyst is an early st ageembryo-approximately four to five days old in manhood and consisting of 50-150 cells. ES cells arepluripotentand give rise during development to all derivatives of the trio primarygerm layers ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adultbodywhen precondition sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or theplacenta.Nearly all research to date has taken place using mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) or military man embryonic stem cells (hES). Both have the essential stem cell characteristics, yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state. Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin and require the presence of Leukemia Inhibitory cipher (LIF). Human ES cells are grown on a confluent layer of mouse embryonicfibroblasts(MEFs) and require the presence of basic Fibroblast appendage Fa ctor (bFGF or FGF-2).Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation, embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate.A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the presence of several recording factors and cell surface proteins. The transcription factorsOct-4,Nanog, andSox2form the core regulatory intercommunicate that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency.The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids SSEA3 and SSEA4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research.After nearly ten years of research,there are no approved marchments using embryonic stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food Drug arrangement in January 2009.However, as of August 2010, the first human trial had not yet been initiated. Although, The first human medical trial for embryonic stem cells started in Atlanta on October 13, 2010 for spinal injury victims. ES cells, existence pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing ateratoma. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face.Many nations currently havemoratoriaon either ES cell research or the production of new ES cell lines. Because of their combined abilities of unlimited intricacy and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source forregenerative medicamentand tissue replacement after injury or disease. crowingAlso known as bodied stem cells andgermline(giving rise to gametes) stem cells, they can be found in children, as well as adults.Stem cell division and differentiation.A stem cell B progenitor cell C differentiated cell 1 radially symmetrical stem cell division 2 asymmetric stem cell division 3 progenitor division 4 terminal differentiationPluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number but can be found in a number of tissues including umbilical cord blood.A great deal of adult stem cell research has focused on clarifying their capacity to divide or self-renew indefinitely and their differentiation potential.In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures. Unfortunately, many mice dont live long with stem cell organs.Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell,endothelial stem cell, etc.). pornographic stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not ascontroversialasembryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of anembryo. Additionally, because in some instances adult stem cells can be obtained from the intended recipient, (anautograft) the endangerment of rejection is essentially non-existent in these situations. Consequently, more US government funding is macrocosm provided for adult stem cell research.An extremely rich source for adult mesenchymal stem cells is the developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar. While considered multipotent they whitethorn prove to be pluripotent. The stem cells eventually form enamel (ectodrm), dentin,periodontal ligament, blood vessels, dental pulp, nervous tissues, including a minimum of 29 different unique end organs. Because of extreme ease in collection at 8-10 years of age before calcification and minimal to no morbidity wi ll probably constitute a major source for personal banking, research and multiple therapies. These stem cells have been shown capable of producing hepatocytes.AmnioticMultipotent stem cells are also found in amnionic fluid. These stem cells are very active, expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic.Amniotic stem cellsare multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines.All over the world, universities and research institutes are studyingamniotic fluidto discover all the qualities of amniotic stem cells, and scientists such asAnthony AtalaandGiuseppe Simonihave discovered important results.From an ethical point of view, stem cells fromamniotic fluidcan solve a lot of problems, because its possible to catch amniotic stem cells without destroying embryos. For example, the Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano called amniotic stem cell the future of medicine.Its possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use the first US amniotic stem cells bank opened in Medford, MA, byBiocell CenterCorporationand collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world generate pluripotentThese are not adult stem cells, but rather reprogrammed cells (e.g. epithelial cells) given pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with proteintranscription factors, pluripotent stem cells equivalent toembryonic stem cellshave been derived from human adult skin tissue.Shinya Yamanakaand his colleagues atKyoto Universityused the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4in their experiments on cells from human faces.Junying Yu,James Thomson, and their colleagues at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madisonused a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28,and carried out their experiments using cells from humanforeskin.As a result of the success of these experiments,Ian Wilmut, who helped create the first cloned animal dolly the Sheep, h as announced that he will abandonnuclear transferas an avenue of research.Frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induce pluripotent stem cells, opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells.LineageThey ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (seeStem cell division and differentiationdiagram). symmetrical division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endue with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and aprogenitor cellwith limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminallydifferentiatinginto a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such asreceptors) between the daughter cells.An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche. Stem cells differentiate when they get out that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies indrosophilagermarium have identified the signals dpp and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating.Main articleInduced Pluripotent Stem CellThe signals that lead to reprogramming of cells to an embryonic-like state are also being investigated. These signal pathways include severaltranscription factorsincluding theoncogenec-Myc. Initial studies debate that transformation of mice cells with a combination of these anti-differentiation signals can reverse differentiation and whitethorn allow adult cells to become pluripotent. However, the need to transform these cells with an oncogene whitethorn prevent the use of this approach in therapy.Challenging the terminal genius of cellular differentiation and the integrity of lineage commitment, it was recently determined that the somatic expression of combinedtranscription factorscan directly induce other defined somatic cell fates researchers identified three neural-lineage-specific transcription factors that could directly convert mousefibroblasts(skin cells) into fully-functionalneurons. This induced neurons (iN) cell research inspires the researchers to induce other cell types implies thatallcells aretotipotent with the proper tools, all cells may form all kinds of tissue.TreatmentsMedical researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapies already exist, particularlybone marrow transplantsthat are used to treatleukemia.In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases includingcancer, Parkinsons disease,spinal cord injuries,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,multiple sclerosis, andmuscledamage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions.However, there still exists a great deal of affectionate a nd scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research, which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research, and further development of the public.One concern of treatment is the possible risk that transplanted stem cells could form tumors and have the possibility of becoming cancerous if cell division continues uncontrollably.Stem cells, however, are already studied extensively. While some scientists are hesitating to associate the therapeutic potential of stem cells as the first goal of the research, they find the investigation of stem cells as a goal proper in itself.Contrarily, supporters of embryonic stem cell research argue that such research should be pursued because the resultant treatments could have significant medical potential. It is also noted that excess embryos created forin vitro fertilizationcould be donated with bear and used for the researchDiseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is promising or emerging.Bone marrow transplant ation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells.Research patentsThepatentscovering a lot of work on human embryonic stem cells are owned by theWisconsin Alumni Research Foundation(WARF). WARF does not charge academics to study human stem cells but does charge commercial users. WARF soldGeron Corp.exclusive rights to work on human stem cells but later sued Geron Corp. to recover some of the antecedently sold rights. The two sides agreed that Geron Corp. would keep the rights to only three cell types. In 2001, WARF came under public pressure to widen access to human stem-cell technology.These patents are now in doubt as a request for reviewing theUS apparent and Trademark Officehas been filed by non-profit patent-watchdogsThe Foundation for Taxpayer Consumer Rights, and thePublic Patent Foundationas well as molecular biologist Jeanne Loring of the Burnham Institute. consort to them, two of the patents granted to WARF are invalid because they cover a technique published in 1993 for which a patent had already been granted to an Australian researcher. Another part of the challenge states that these techniques, developed byJames A. Thomson, are rendered obvious by a 1990 paper and two textbooks.The outcome of this legal challenge is particularly relevant to the Geron Corp. as it can only license patents that are upheld.Key research eventsJanuary 2008 Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell engineering science and UCSF create the first human embryonic stem cells without destruction of the embryoJanuary 2008 Development of human cloned blastocysts followingsomatic cell nuclear transferwith adult fibroblasts.February 2008 Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and protrude these iPS cells seem to be more similar to embryonic stem cells than the previously developed iPS cells and not tumorigenic, moreover genes that are required for iPS cells do not need to be inserted into specific sites, which encourages the development of n on-viral reprogramming techniques.March 2008 The first published study of successful cartilage regeneration in the human stifle using autologous adult mesenchymal stem cells is published by clinicians from Regenerative Sciences.October 2008 Sabine Conrad and colleagues at Tbingen, Germany generatepluripotent stem cellsfrom spermatogonial cells of adult human ballock by culturing the cells in vitro underleukemia inhibitory factor(LIF) supplementation.30 October 2008 Embryonic-like stem cells from a single human hair.1 March 2009 Andras Nagy, Keisuke Kaji,et al.discover a way to produce embryonic-like stem cells from normal adult cells by using a novel wrapping procedure to deliver specific genes to adult cells to reprogram them into stem cells without the risks of using a virus to make the change. The use ofelectroporationis verbalise to allow for the temporary insertion of genes into the cell.28 May 2009Kimet al.announced that they had devised a way to manipulate skin cells to c reate patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), claiming it to be the ultimate stem cell solution.11 October 2010 commencement trial of embryonic stem cells in humansReferencesBecker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). cytologic demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells.Siminovitch L, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies.Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology.Tuch BE (2006). Stem cells-a clinical update.Australian Family Physician.Hans R. Schler (2007). The Potential of Stem Cells An Inventory. In Nikolaus Knoepffler, Dagmar Schipanski, and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner.Humanbiotechnology as affectionate Challenge. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.Mitalipov S, Wolf D (2009).HYPERLINK http//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrezartid=2752493Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogrammingHYPERLINK http//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcg i?tool=pmcentrezartid=2752493.Adv Biochem Eng BiotechnolUlloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS (Jul 2005). Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells.J Biosci Bioeng.Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, Panasuk AF, Rudakowa SF, Luria EA, Ruadkow IA (1974). Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by thein vitrocolony assay method.

Examination Of Muted Group Theory Sociology Essay

Examination Of subdued mathematical conclave assertable action Sociology Es submit create by mental act for a moment that you find yourself in an exotic and off the beaten itinerary(predicate) collide with land. You lay down been forced to live in a foreign unsophisticated that speaks a completely antithetic dustup than yours. You struggle day later day not just to enunciate yourself in this strange, foreign tongue, save to simply be hear and have your opinions appreciated by your impudently peers. Instead you find your new neighbors disregard every word you say and write you off as in forge or just discernible dumb or even worse they pretermit your unique cosmosness and experiences altogether. This is just the sort by of phenomenon that dampen crowd speculation details and wherefore it is so incredibly fascinating. This literature review leave al unrivalled define exactly muffle host Theory and its basic principles argon, delve into the theorys origin s, and provide a few examples of its gain use before moving on to some(prenominal) inquiry studies illustrating the theory in practical, scientific application.The smooth aggroup Theory of dialogue seeks to explain and rationalize the faults inherent in speech dialogue and the slip musical mode in which it fails mevery of its users. While near individuals would simply dismiss speech conference merely as a tool of communication to be forge in give to fit their specific needs in actuality, expression acts as a rife and controlling accompanimentor in establishing and defining its users. dim assemblage Theory asserts that because actors line was developed primarily by the preponderant theme of order specifically white staminates of greater income and socio-economic status, that minority nicetys and non-dominant assorts such as women, individuals of lower economic core, and non-whites ar consequentlyly hushed by their give kind lack of influence on the representation of their expression (Wood, 2008, as cited in turner West, 2009). Because non-dominant groups have had little to no division towards the humanity of their language they atomic anatomy 18 poorly practiced by it. Muted free radical Theory emphases a minority groups unfitness to fully and properly articulate themselves or designate their unique experiences collect to the necessity of translating their individual views and opinions into what is fundamentally a foreign language (Wood, 2008, as cited in food turner West, 2009). The language of a finical group does not consistently abide or function for all of its members with some(prenominal) sense of equality due to the variety in their meshing in their languages development (Kramarae, 1981 as cited in Orbe, 1998). Muted Group Theory posits that language acts as a representation of a societys overall ideologies. The dominant sector of a group conceptualizes a means of communication which not hardly mainta ins, but perpetuates their undertake worldview and establishes it as the improve and proper language for all of utter groups remaining members (S. Ardener, 1975, as cited in Orbe, 1998). As it is defined as a critical theory, the Muted Group Theory of Communication is both valuable and worth exploring because it strives to re sample the ceremonious status quo of a society or socialisation, it highlights the imbalances and unfairness inside give tongue to society for its possibly unsuspecting inhabitants, and lastly and most importantly, it proposes potentiality solutions to these problems plaguing give tongue to assimilation (Turner West, 2009). Muted Group Theory interestingly illuminates individuals to the unconscious methods finished which a language and its creators dictate and manipulate interpersonal behaviors and relations as well as concepts of one(a)s own self-identity.Muted Group Theory finds its origins within the interrogation of loving anthropologists Edwi n and Shirley Ardener and their make believe on social hierarchy and structure. Muted Group Theory developed followers the Ardeners examination of the, at the time, masculine dominated fields of ethnography and social anthropology (Turner West, 2009). Individuals and groups which inhabit the highest tiers of a social hierarchy define the specific communication system within a culture and the non-dominant groups be thus relegated to manoeuvreing within the confines of whatever communication guidelines the ruling class has consciously or unconsciously impose upon them. Subordinate groups are thus rendered mute as the mainstream structures of communication peal the dominate groups perceptions (E. Ardener, 1978, as cited in Orbe, 1998). A merely implication of Muted Group Theory founded by the Ardeners is that the silencing of women as a muffled group bears a direct correlation to deafness of their manly counterparts. The notion redact forth here is that even if a minorit y group has stock-still to be tone down, on the whole or in a specified subject, the continued obliviousness committed by the dominant group as they ignore the assessments and opinions of their subordinates results in a lack of any further vocalization on said subject by the non-dominant group as they thus become muted over time (S. Ardener, 1978, as cited in Turner West, 2009). Put simply, a dominant group, by not understanding or completely ignoring the views of their subordinate counterparts, basis in essence pipe down these views completely. The repercussions of this sort of passive thought suppression are staggering. The undesirable ideologies and wishes of a understood minority tramp be expunged over time simply by ignoring them. This idea is highly reminiscent in the old adage to ignore a bully into deviation one alone.Though its genesis lies with the cut back of Edwin and Shirley Ardener, Cheris Kramarare is commonly regarded as the true founder of Muted Group Theo ry. Kramarares work expanded on the ideas brought on by the Ardeners, and tailored it primarily to the instruction of communication. Kramarare focused Muted Group Theory into three paramount assumptions women, and some other minority groups, view the world far differently from men due to the division of labor, due to masculine-centric political superiority, mens views and communication systems are condition priority, thus restricting the communication of women, and other subordinate cultures, and lastly, in order to in effect partake in a society, non-dominant groups are forced to shoehorn their own ideologies into the dominant groups established system of expression (Kramarare, 1981, as cited in Turner West, 2008). Kramarares work expanded the bounds of Muted Group Theory and inspires further inquiry and analysis to questions and concepts raised by the Ardeners initial research.Far to a greater extent intriguing than the unfortunate in-articulation of minority groups brought on by Muted Group Theory are the stunning implications of the theory on the development of an individuals self-concept. From birth men and women are treated vastly different by society at large. From the color of the clothes they are put in to the way in which they are described, masculine and pistillate infants are immediately indoctrinated by the societal views and expected grammatical gender subr bulgeines of the dominant group they were born into. Muted Group Theory further invades into ideas of self-concept via the ways in which dominant groups discern society. Female nurses, for instance, are limitedly defined by societys dominant group as either hardened battle-axes of anti-femininity, or ultra-compassionate and sensitive angels of mercy. These highly constricting labels, enforce by dominant groups, limit these women to identifying themselves as one of these both, polar descriptors (Callan, 1978, as cited in Turner West, 2009). Because of the restricted definitions provid ed by dominant groups, these nurses raft only potentially conceive themselves as aligning with one of these completely differing camps and are thus limited in the development of their own self-concept and individual identity.The kickoff of the research studies examined here focuses on the muting inherent in the culture of involution appal found on many college campuses. A vitiate culture can be defined as an environment which supports attitudes conducive to scotch and increase sexual violence risk factors (Buchwald, Fletcher Roth, 1993, as cited in Burnett et all., 2009). The teach in question, Communicating/Muting Date Rape A Co-Cultural Theoretical summary of Communication Factors Related to Rape Culture on a College Campus was authored by Ann Burnett, Jody L. Mattern, Liliana L. Herakova, David H. Kahl, Jr., Cloy Tobola, and Susan Bornsen and was first published in the diary of Applied Communication Research in November of 2009. Burnett et al. (2009) sought to uncover h ow certain attitudes and outlooks regarding the act of thwart, as expressed by social, individual, and cultural perspectives, stemmed from divers(a) behaviors preceding a achievable rape, during a rape itself, and as a response to a rape occurring. These attitudes served to mute college students, primarily women, and possibly perpetuate the continued creation of a rape culture on college campuses. Their research primarily utilised Muted Group Theory in a co-cultural theoretical persona in order to define campus rape culture through communication focused on rape and sex, the negotiating of sexual consent, the potentiality of a rape to occur, a rape itself, the aftermath and repercussions of a rape, and peoples perceptions of, and reactions to, fancy rape (Burnett et al., 2009).Burnett et al.s (2009) lead methodology chiefly utilized hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry. Hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry involves delving into the shared, lived experiences of individuals who h ave been involved in a specified phenomenon (Lanigan, 1979, as cited in Burnett et al., 2009). Researchers utilizing a phenomenological approach search for any central, underlying themes behind a precondition experience and attempt to develop general or universal implications from them (Creswell, 2007, as cited in Burnett et al., 2009). Phenomenological inquiry involves researchers gathering descriptions of lived experiences, reviewing the various capta found to uncover any essential themes of the experiences, and discovering any interrelatedness among the established themes (Nelson, 1989, as cited in Burnett et al., 2009). The capta for Burnett et al.s (2009) survey were gathered through nine separate focus groups at a Midwestern university. These focus groups contained five with just women, both of only men, and two groups were co-ed in composition. The university in question housed an approximate people of 12,000 students, contained 15 fraternities or sororities, and had a D ivision 1 athletics program on campus. The news report did not specify a need for focus group members to have been rape dupes to be involved. Focus group moderators utilized an unrestricted conversational style in order to encourage member familiarity (Nelson, 1989, as cited in Burnett et al., 2009). Topics put to the focus groups included various definitions of, and motivations for, rape, alcohols procedure in rape, post-rape options, potential reasons why rape is not reported, how to avoid realizable rape scenarios, and group members perception of the prevalence of rape on their campus (Burnett et al., 2009). adjacent this, the gathered capta were reduced by recognizing what given factors were essential to the experience and which were not, and thusly attaching meaning to the essential elements remaining by contrasting and comparing the different given experiences and how the identified themes contributed to them (Nelson, 1989, as cited in Burnett et al., 2009).Burnett et a l.s (2009) results indicated an ambiguity surrounding meshing rape that silences potential, meaningful intercourse on the subject and mutes both possible and actual victims of conflict rape. Burnett et al. (2009) found that focus group members had great barrier in pinpointing a firm definition of date rape as they felt situational factors affected any interpretation of the event. For instance, although sexual consent was suggested as an essential element, focus group members probed which non- communicative and vocal actions could be construed as consent. Because they had no firm way of defining what date rape was, both male and young-bearing(prenominal) participants were muted from recognizing the signs of date rape or when to report it. Students are thus forced to rationalize their notions of rape because their culture, the college campus, fails to do so (Burnett et al., 2009).On an individual, psychological level, the focus group members, even the women, utilized primarily do minant, male-driven language to characterize known date rape victims as overtly blowzy individuals whose state of dress could almost function as a form of consent. Participants also noted how males are often praised for extreme sexual prowess and a high number of partners whereas women are cast in a negative light for the same(p) sort of behavior. These common views reiterate the dominant position of men in society and their influence on the language and ideologies concerning date rape (Burnett et al., 2009). From a post-rape perspective, female focus group members questioned the energy and lustiness of their ability to communicate a lack of consent. This sort of testing places the responsibility for the rape on the victim (Burnett et al., 2009). Both female and male focus group members agreed that the reporting of date rape is muted due to further ambiguity regarding the correct steps to take following a rape and a fear of others reactions to said rape. This fear of victim bla ming only serves to further isolate and mute anyone who has been the victim of date rape or knows a victim who is choosing to remain silent (Burnett et al., 2009). Additional dominant groups such as a colleges administration and staff can silence victims and perpetuate a date rape culture through a lack of backing for anti-rape preventative education and post rape support services on campus. This lack of recognition of date rape in the dominant discourse leads individuals to mute themselves via various explaining-away tactics in order to not contradict the mainstream. Following their study, Burnett et al. (2009) concluded that both male and female students participate in the inherent muting of a date rape culture and that date rape victims are actively muted before, after, and even during a rapes occurrence.The largest factor in the continued perpetuation of campus date rape culture is the failure of the student population to properly and affectively define what constitutes date rap e and sexual consent. Because there is no firm classification of either of these, date rape victims, and potentially the rapists as well, have no clue they are actually involved in a date rape. The oscilloscope of this study, firearm thorough on the campus it took place, is in actuality kind of limited. Because Burnett et al. limited their focus to one specific college campus in one specific area of the country it cannot be considered an alone accurate representation of possible rape cultures on college campuses crossways the board. Along with its scope, the studys testability is extremely limited because of their research methodology. While relying on interpersonal communication allowed for a more personal and in-depth examination of various individuals experiences with date rape, these particular views are that of the individual in question and cannot be affectively metric with any sort of documentable accuracy. The parsimony and heurism of the study are both notable, howeve r. At its core, the explanation for the continuance of date rape culture is exceedingly candid and direct and the new idea initiated by the study is of paramount importance. Hopefully, colleges can use the data provided here to better arm their student bodies against possible date rape in the proximo.The second research study cosmos examined here involves the gender specific effects of muting on outdoor ropes contend courses. The study, authored by Phillip A. Irish III, first appeared in the Journal of Experiential fostering in 2006. Irish (2006) sought to discover the myriad of effects that literal muting, a primary means for modifying a courses objectives, has on both genders and how successfully they can accomplish the tasks set forth by the moderators of these ropes courses when thusly limited. The crowning(prenominal) goal of the study was to better arm ropes course facilitators with documented research to supplement their own experience and intuition in an effort to fu rther the communication enhancing nature inherent in these sorts of gainsays. The ropes course study examine two primary hypotheses on specifically masculine-attributed outdoor ropes courses, muted males will experience stronger goal engagement, specified by proximal distance to said objective, than their muted, female counterparts, and, conversely, the greater time spent on a particular task will result in greater disengagement of muted males, measured by increasing distance from goal, than muted females in the same given time span.The methodology of Irishs (2006) study involved adult groups being given one of three possible outdoor ropes challenges Doughnut, Thread the Needle, and body of water Wheel. These challenges were selected specifically for because they involve the team members navigating a specific, centralized piece of equipment firearm simultaneously not limiting participants free movement about the challenge arena. These trials were also selected due to their genera lly male oriented objectives, such as lifting individual members up into the air. In differing groups, either all of the men or all of the women were verbally muted though gesturing and pantomime were allowed. The average group makeup consisted of five males to three females with individuals being lined up and divided up my height in an effort to spread the height advantage out to each group. Distance measurements were taken every two minutes during the cookery phase of the given challenge.The results of Irishs (2006) study indicate varying shifts in betrothal by both sexes in regards to factors of group composition and the handicap of verbal muting. When looking at group makeup, there was no correlation on the involvement of males or females in the task based upon the increase number of females in the group, or male involvement based on the increased number of males in the group, however, when the number of males increased, regardless of other factors involved, female involvemen t dropped significantly. When the influence of verbal muting is examined, again, male involvement is curiously unaffected by muting or not, but female involvement dramatically lowered when they were muted.Irish (2006) felt his research was successful in terms of providing future researchers a methodology for empirically measuring involvement and interest in a task with relation to muting and non-muting factors. While muting had little variant effect on the position and involvement of males, muted females were generally twice as far away from the specified goal as non-muted females (Irish 2006). Muted females seemed to disengage entirely from the task as the positioned themselves farther away from the goal than their male counterparts. Irishs (2006) research shows slight correlation to male disinterest and disengagement overtime, but not enough, he felt, to be entirely conclusive and supportive of his original hypothesis. Irish posits that greater effect of muting on women may be due to the verbally communicative style generally attached to women.The implications of Irishs research on future Muted Group Theory are compelling. Even though Irish was not trying to bedeck the ways in which male dominant groups subjugate female non-dominant groups, the results of his research still support that central tenet of Muted Group Theory. As discussed preliminaryly, Muted Group Theory posits that male originated language forces women to translate everything into what essentially amounts to a foreign tongue. Irishs examination demonstrates how the abrasiveness of the male language barrier places women in an ingrained mindset of set about constant verbal translation in order to be heard and understood by their male counterparts. When this verbal element is removed from their repertoire, women are left with no further tools to successfully navigate the ropes course or contribute in any meaningful way because of both an inability to fully articulate themselves in a now non- verbal, male-centric language and because their male counterparts will essentially ignore their female-oriented non-verbal communication tactics. The scope of this study is quite narrow as it only delves into a small aspect of muting however, the study provides a high level of testability as the data provides an easily quotable experiment in an effort to replicate the results and has great utility as it can be used to reinforce the basic notions of Muted Group Theory.The third research study being explored delves into the realm of netmail communication and how the once gender sluggish communication arena now exhibits gendered voices which are being muted. The study, authored by Heather Kissack and Jamie L. Callahan was first published in the Journal of European Industrial Training in 2010. Kissack and Callahan (2010) sought to critically asses the validity of newfound research indicating increased textual gender cues in regards to preferent language use in netmail based communic ations. Kissack and Callahans goal was to illustrate how the muting of feminine voices occurs even in email communications.The methodology of Kissack and Callahans (2010) study is jolly straightforward. The study utilizes a vast array of previously completed research into the foundations and implications of Muted Group Theory on subjugating the speech of women and stools logical correlations to previous research on male-female communication in a structured governing as well as studies on genders impact on email conversing. The arguments posited are logically consistent and draw understandable conclusions between already researched topics.Kissack and Callahan (2010) discovered that feminine voices are more than simply marginalized in the work place as was once believed, but are in fact muted as well. Despite lacking the visual and audio cues of verbal language, email communication has still developed unique male and female centric consistencies which allow them to be easily distin guishable to a given reader (Corney, de Vel, Anderson, Mohay , 2002, as cited in Kissack Callahan, 2010). Even if the names of sender and pass receiver are omitted, either sex can easily identify the gender of email senders as gender specific language cues aid in this accuracy (Savicki et al., as cited in Kissack Callahan, 2010). Kissack and Callahan (2010) successfully accomplish their studys goal of throw light on the still prevalent issues of feminine voice muting, specifically in an arena that most thought to be gender neutral be default.What is most intriguing about the work of Kissack and Callahan is that the majority of email users would claim the format to be primarily without gender bias. After all, the namelessness presented on the internet allows a user to appear as any gender they wish. This research study shows great logical consistency and scope through the great volume of research Kissack and Callahan have done to draw successful correlations between preexisting research topics. This study also shows potential to stand the test of time because it initiates a heuristic response to a fairly modern invention and the biases that have unfortunately come on with it. These growing trends could even be reexamined in the future to further track the validity of Kissack and Callahans work and to measure if any improvements have been made in the field. Kissack and Callahan focus strongly on the critical aspects of Muted Group Theory in an effort to inform (re warn) our modern, technology-dependent society as forward intellection as we think we are, to the dangers of gender muteness now creeping its way into email communication. The suggestions of their work are frightening. If gender bias and muted groups can find new life thriving in technology can these relics of a bygone era ever truly be stamped out?The fourth study observed focused on the application of two primarily feminism based theories, standpoint theory and Muted Group Theory, to emphasis the resilience and fortitude of individuals financial backing in countryfied the States and plan more effective methods of familiarity-based wellnesscare promotion to better lodge their needs. The study was authored by Deborah Ballard-Reisch and was first published in Women Language in 2010. Ballard-Reisch (2010) sought to rectify the vast differences in her previous research on the lives of arcadian Americans with that of some of her statistician and epidemiologist peers whose own research painted a vastly different, and far less optimistic, picture of frontier life.Ballard-Reischs (2010) methodology, in a similar fashion to the previously explored work of Kissack and Callahan, utilized a trustworthy melting pot of formerly gathered research and theoretical ideologies in an effort to repurpose them into a grounded, community based approach to better serve the healthcare needs of diverse rural and frontier constituents. Ballard-Reisch (2010) combined aspects of Muted Group and Standpoint Theories together with eng elder scholarship and a community-based participatory research approach to more effectively recognize the strengths, needs, health issues, and kinetics of these rural residents to create and exercise far more efficient health promotion interventions.Ballard-Reischs research showed that rural areas contain a higher portion of older adults than anyplace else in America (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 2010) and that women constitute a far larger portion of this percentage than anywhere else in the country representing 52% of individuals aged sixty to sixty-four, and representing 68% of individuals aged 85 or older (CDC, 2010 ERS/USDA, 2001, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 2010). Ballard-Reisch also discovered that despite containing a far larger portion of elderly Americans, one of the largest groups of consumers of healthcare products and services in the country (Wright, Sparks, OHare, 2008, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 20 10), rural areas hold a far lower concentration of able, effective healthcare professionals than their urban counterparts (ERS/USDA, 2007, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 2010). The engaged scholarship approach suggested by Ballard-Reisch emphasizes collaboration and cooperation between both researchers and collaborators in a learning community to cultivate a theoretical and practical knowledge base (Van de Ven, 2007 cannonball along Shockley-Zalaback, 2008, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 2010) and the community based participatory approach she posits underlines the club of community members along with scholars to more properly research and address various issues of mutual interest (Israel et al., 2005, as cited in Ballard-Reisch, 2010). Ballard-Reisch (2010) theorizes that these two approaches in bicycle-built-for-two can be utilized to unmute the healthcare issues of the disenfranchised elderly population of rural America and more successfully serve their needs. Ballard-Reisch believ es the older individuals living in rural America must un-silence themselves and take an active role in shaping the future of their health.Ballard-Reischs research highlights the ways in which rural Americans, primarily older women, have their problems muted by a mainstream that sooner chooses to focus its attention on the healthcare needs of urban individuals only, leaving the frontier population to fend for themselves. Because they are members of several non-dominant groups elderly, female, and rural-based, these individuals are triply muted and to such an extent ignored by the urbanite healthcare professionals they so desperately need. Ballard-Reischs proposed solution would seem to be the most effective approach as it plays to the community focused nature of these rural areas and allows them the forge their own elbow room to health moving forward instead of relying on the otherwise indifferent dominant, urban groups for a hand out that may never come. Ballard-Reischs ideologi es most notably show heurism as they seek to stimulate new kinds of thinking to solve old problems. The utility is less substantial as Ballard-Reischs ideas request a lot of additional legwork and extensive knowledge and research of individuals who are often less educated, and less willing to educate, than their urban counterparts.The ramifications of Muted Group Theory are astronomically important. Something as simple and taken for given(p) as ones language has astounding implications towards ones ability to not only articulate their thoughts, but also generate said thoughts in the first place. By not having a specified word for something whether it be an object, an idea, or a feeling, that notion cannot exist. It is fascinating to explore how hopefully unconsciously, white, heterosexual, upper-class, males have strictly determined for muted groups exactly how they can not only think, but perceive.