What military support to civilian law enforcement agencies (msclea) - Free Essay Example

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CHAPTER I: Violence perpetrated by Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) increased dramatically in 2006 and continued to rise dramatically through 2010.   According to the National Drug Intelligence Centers National Drug Threat Assessment, 2010, published in February 2010, Mexican DTOs dominate the transportation of illicit drugs across the Southwest Border.   They typically use commercial trucks and private and rental vehicles to smuggle cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin (National Drug Threat Assessment, 2010).   The increase in DTO activity has resulted in an increase of military involvement in counterdrug operations along the U.S. southwestern border region.   The tables in the appendices outline the statistical extent of the problem and the geographic penetration of Mexican DTOs within the United States.   Americas densely populated southern border with Mexico stretches nearly 2,000 miles in length and possesses several established cr ossing points.   In areas along northern Mexico, DTOs organize and equip themselves with resources that out match Mexican military forces (McCaffrey 2009).   With these developments, it is necessary to consider increased U.S. military support to drug interdiction along the southwest border, as DTOs are a national security threat that directly plays a role in destabilizing the heavily trafficked areas in both the U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What military support to civilian law enforcement agencies (msclea)" essay for you Create order and Mexico. Problem Statement The problem is to determine what Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA) should be brought to bear against Mexican DTOs to interdict and reduce the flow of drugs across the Southwest Border. Research Objective This research aimed at answering and elucidating the following objectives: What capabilities does the U.S. military already have in the southwest border region to counter drug trafficking? What is the DTOs current capability to interdict drugs across the border (e.g. weapons, funding, resources)? What are the American laws and regulations governing the use of MSCLEA?   Is it financially feasible to increase MSCLEA? Assumptions The main premise to this research is based on the assumption that increasing the resources used to interdict the drug trafficking in the southwest border region will have a positive impact in disrupting DTOs operations, decreasing the amount of drugs trafficked and aiding in stabilizing the southwest border region.   Some groups advocate other approaches to the problem such as legalization and establishing additional treatment programs for users and abusers of illegal drugs.   Moreover, on the supply side, the assumption is diplomatic pressure on the countries that produce the drugs or assistance to their military and police organizations is necessary to increase the effectiveness.   This proposal assumes that enhanced interdiction efforts on the Southwest border will negatively impact Mexican DTOs and reduce use of illegal drugs within the United States. Additionally, the results and recommendations for this research assumed that all military assistance falls within Title 32 Duty and Article I,  § 8 of the Constitution that allows the National Guard to be used under the command and control of the governor to execute the laws of the Union, in order to suppress rebellion and deter invasions (Withers, 2010 p. 6). Definition of Terms Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA):   Technical assistance rendered to civilian law enforcement agencies.   This can include military resources that are not available to civilians such as aerial surveillance, technical assistance with these resources, and tactical advice.   It does not include actual law enforcement powers (Sergienko, 2006, p. 395). Interdiction efforts:    All efforts used to reduce the flow of illegal drugs into the United States on the ground (or underground) across the Southwest border.   Success equals increased levels of drug seizures. Southwest border:   The land border between the U.S. and Mexico; also called the U.S.-Mexico border. Limitations and delimitations This study is limited to ground interdiction.   Drug smuggling is an incredibly profitable enterprise.   If ground interdiction efforts are to prove effective, it presumes that DTOs would attempt to move their operations into marine and aerial operations.   However, this study will only consider the deployment of marine and aerial assets as they relate to ground operations.   This study will limit its focus of the Southwest to the three major DTO interdiction routes located in Texas, New Mexico, and California.   The strategies proposed or dismissed in this research may or may not be appropriate to compare with the interdiction efforts on other borders such as the northern border with Canada. This study will be limited to cooperation with civilian law enforcement agencies within the United States.   It will not consider support for Mexican civilian law enforcement agencies nor will it consider cooperation with the Mexican military although it will acknowledge that they are now the lead agency in struggle with DTOs within Mexico. All proposals for MSCLEA will be governed by the U.S Constitution, relevant U.S. laws and the USNORTHCOM directives on MSCLEA, Military support to civilian law enforcement is carried out in strict compliance with the Constitution and U.S. laws and under the direction of the president and secretary of defense (USNORTHCOM). CHAPTER II: Literature Review This chapter provides an overview of the literature examined.   It identifies the dominant literature and sources that will provide arguments addressing DTOs drug smuggling, MSCLEAs and the current situation along the Southwest border.   The academic debate concerning MSCLEA on the border focuses primarily on the issue of illegal immigration and second on drug interdiction.   There are only a few books on the topic.   Therefore, research will focus on scholarly articles, government studies, and statistical data available through the U.S. Border Patrol and Department of Enforcement Administration. Timothy Dunns 1996 book, The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992: Low Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home is a study that compares data collected through interviews with military doctrine, law enforcement, congressional documents, and personal observations.   Dunns intent is to illustrate that increased activity along the southwest border escalated forcing military involvement in immigration and drug enforcement to a level unintended by Congress and defense officials.   Dunn provides insight to the difficulty associated with MSCLEA along the southwest border.   This historical data requires comparison to the post 9/11 challenges. There are numerous government studies and reports related to previous and current U.S. counterdrug program.   The Congressional Research Service (CRS) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) prepared most reports for members of Congress.   The National Drug and Control Policy also have a number of useful products.   Stephen Vina CRS report in 2006, Border Security and Military Support: Legal Authorizations and Restrictions outlines military support legal and policy limitations with in the U.S.   His study states military support to DTO is feasible however, it must be restricted to the employment of Nation Guard for border security missions vice the employment of active duty (GAO, 2003).   The 2010 report Department of Defense Needs to Improve Its Performance Measurement System to Better Manage and oversee Its Counternarcotics Activities demonstrates congressional interest in measures of effectiveness to justify MSCLEA in the early 1990s.   The 1993 Heavy Investment in Military Surveillance is Not Paying Off   report   findings suggest some military assets, such as rotary wing transport and lower-end unmanned aerial vehicles are relatively inexpensive and within the potential budget of federal law enforcement.   Other assets such as large multi-role aircraft and naval vessels, are very expensive operate and maintain.   The GAO (2009) study concluded that military surveillance is costly particularly when modern technology systems designed to detect and control highly sophisticated weapon systems in combat situations are employed against a DTO smuggling threat. Together, these two reports support content from the recent Washington Office on Latin America report that strongly suggest there must be a separation of military and police roles in America.   George Withers would agree there is a lack of measures of effectiveness justifying military support on the border. The GAO study, Secure Border Initiative: Observations on Deployment Challenges discusses the challenges of integrating sensors and obstacles along the 2000-mile Southwest border.   Conversely,   the 2007 report, U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts, but Tons of Illicit Drugs Continue to Flow Into the United States clearly demonstrates the difficulties of combating the supply of drugs.   This study bring about discussion to identify the gaps in capability could be leveraged with unique available military resources.   The Rise of Mexican Drug Cartel and U.S. National Security hearing conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice illustrated the success of interagency cooperation against targeting DTOs.   The report provides an overview of the capability of the DTOs operating along the southwest border and describes their ability to conduct drug trafficking, kidnapping, bribery, extortion, money laundering and smuggling of profits, and trafficking and use of dangerous firearms.   The report concludes that the best strategy to combat the full spectrum of the drug cartels operations is a holistic approach that employs the full spectrum of our law enforcement agencies and its resources, expertise, and statutory authorities.   The Mexican border states have become much like a war zone with heavily armed military units on the street (since the President deemed local police too corrupt to deal with the cartels) and frequent firefights between the military and the cartels.   According to L.A. Times, as of November 29, 2010, 28,288 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 because of the drug wars.   In relative terms, that number is higher than the number of American troops that have died in Iraq in the last seven years (Mexico under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, 2010). Mexico Under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, is an L.A. Times website that includes all of their coverage of drug smuggling along the Southwest border along with interactive maps, links to television coverage and a host of other information.   This website is the principle primary source for details of recent events and media coverage of the situation.   Additionally, the website Drug Trafficking in Mexico maintained by latinamericanstudies.org traces the history of the drug trafficking between Mexico and the U. S. from 1998-2009.   This website provides links to hundreds of other articles on the subject as well. The Congressional Reporting Service publication Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack by Charles Doyle and Jennifer Elsea presents the legal definition of MSCLEAs in the wake of post 9/11 developments (Doyle and Elsea, 2005). Increased MSCLEA issues emerged in the 1980s and 1990s with regard to the interdiction of drugs.   However, since 9/11 they have largely revolved around the role of MSCLEA around terrorism related incidents.   The official policy of the United States Army on MSCLEA is contained in the Catastrophic Disaster Response Staff Officers Handbook Appendix I: Legal Considerations/Law Enforcement published by the United States Army Combined Arms Center in May 2006.   This document is supplemented by a paper prepared by Colonel Thomas W. McShane entitled, United States Northern Commands Mission to Provide Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies: The Challenge to keep Homeland Security and Civil Liberty Dancing in Step with the Current Legal Music (2004). There are varieties of publications that deal with the history of MSCLEA for Counter-drug Operations.   Most of the U.S. policy affecting domestic counterdrug MSCLEA require updates and fails to reflect the realities of the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.   Two of these stand out as having particular importance for this proposal.   The first is The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992: Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home by Timothy J Dunn, published in 1996.   The second is a Rand Corporation report entitled Sealing the Borders: The Effects of Increased Military Participation in Drug Interdiction written by Peter Reuter, Gordon Crawford, and Jonathan Cave published in 1988.   Both of the documents are dated however, they will provide a historical context to compare to current operations.   Reuter concludes that military support provided in t he war on drugs in the 1980s was costly, ineffective, and distracted military forces from preparing for interstate combat missions. Both documents are roughly twenty years old and this means that their consideration of everything from the technology of interdiction efforts to the scope and influence of DTOs is dated.   On the other hand, both documents precede the emergence of the overwhelming threat of terrorist attacks and therefore the focus is on MSCLEAs in a pre-9/11 context with the emphasis on drug interdiction, not anti-terrorism operations. Most importantly, both of these documents present a negative image of interdiction efforts.   The U.S. military interdiction efforts, although criticize provides an approach from two different perspectives.   The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992: Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home published by the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin focuses on the negative effects of the militarization of the border in terms of lost economic opportunities and threats to civil liberties. More condemning, however, is the Rand Corporation document, Sealing the Borders: The Effects of Increased Military Participation in Drug Interdiction.   It concludes that interdiction efforts in general have little impact on the flow of drugs into the United States.   Furthermore, it concludes that an increase in military involvement did not improve the interdiction effectiveness efforts and was unlikely to do so in the future.   The Rand study strongly suggests that the military cannot be the primary interdiction agency and that a major increase in military support is unlikely to reduce drug consumption significantly in the United States (Reuter, Crawford and Cave, 1988). The findings are not practical for exploring renewed efforts to employ enhanced MSCLEA in the interdiction effort in the twenty-first century.   There are numerous reservations about applying this study directly to the current situation.   This study will examine interdiction in terms of interdiction (seizure) rates, not reduced consumption, and the price of illicit drugs as examined by the Rand study. In addition, the circumstances of the drug trade across the Southwestern border have changed considerably over the past nine years, as have the military resources available to employ against interdiction effort.   The DTOs are now using RPGs and other military type weaponry consequently the military has UAVs and other surveillance equipment that was not available in the 1980s. The Rand study is incredibly important to understanding the history of military involvement in drug interdiction on the Southwest border.   However, the findings do not constitute the final word on the subject today as it is over twenty years old. It is imperative to examine literature that relates to the policies and procedures for MSCLEAs and the organization of cooperative efforts between the MSCLEAs.   Doctrine for this already exists for both the military and civilian organizations.   The Joint Task Force North, JTF-North Operational Support Planning Guide 2010 outlines the military perspective on joint military-civilian operations.   The police understanding of the relationship is outlined in Civilian and Military Law Enforcement Cooperation published in The Police Chief (Awtry, 2004). The study Preach What You Practice: The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas argues that military employment to assist law enforcement agencies falls the Posse Comitatus Act limits however, there is no imminent threat of attack on the United States.   Therefore, they question the need for a heightened militarization of the southwest border (Withers, Santos, Isacsoni, 2010 p 8).   This report suggest that instead of supporting a military response, the U.S. government re align its resources to focus on additional aid for police and law enforcement capabilities within Mexico.   They recommend this aid be in the form strengthening law enforcement training, equipment, and technology rather than merely training in counter-drug tactics.   The JTF North website lists the following capabilities as operational support the U. S. military is prepared to provide federal law enforcement agencies: aviation transportation, including both insertion and extraction of personnel; aviation reconnaissance; air and maritime surveillance radar; unmanned aircraft systems; ground surveillance radar; listening post and observation post surveillance; ground sensor operations; and ground transportation.   The consensus within NORTHCOM appears to be the military is capable of supplying resources that enhance law enforcement ability to interdict the threats along the southwest border.   Under USNORTHCOM, the military conducts a variety of domestic exercises aimed at using the military and National Guard under the presidents control in a wide range of U.S. homeland emergencies such as terrorist events and even domestic violence.   Which is the threat currently demonstrated by DTOs.   The exercises do not involve an y Mexican entities, NORTHCOM suggest that an exchange of military personnel and cadets with Mexico as a means of gaining Mexican involvement in NORTHCOM, as well as regular talks about cooperation could increase the effectiveness of combating DTO activity along the border.   Jose Palafox addresses militarization of the border and the applicability of military counterdrug operations along the U.S.-Mexican border in 1990.   He closely examines the 1996 structure of JTF-6 and then concludes that a JTF consisting of only a brigade-size unit could effectively conduct sustained operations to interdict border drug trafficking along the two-thousand-mile boundary.   JTF-6 was renamed JTF North in a ceremony Sept. 28, 2004, and its mission was expanded beyond the drug war to include providing homeland security support to the nations federal law enforcement agencies. The article states the Pentagon is spent approximately $800 million a year to help enforce the drug trafficking laws alone.   The missions ranged from ground reconnaissance, training, logistics, and research.   In 1995, the Department of Defense transferred military technology equipment to Border Patrol in order to upgrade legacy Vietnam War error equipment.   Due to a joint effort by the Justice and Treasury Departments and the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Border Patrol also has its own high-tech Border Research and Technology Center near San Diego. The article suggests that JTF-6 operations supporting DTO activity was a success and a necessity for future operations between military and civilian organizations.   Although, Border Patrol received significant upgrades gaps along the porous border remain specifically training and intelligence collection. Major Mark Van Dries 1990 monograph titled Drug Interdiction: Can We Stop the New Pancho Villa, addresses the feasibility of military counterdrug operations along the border in the 1990s.   The study states that drugs are a legitimate national security threat and the vulnerability of drug cartels to military operations.   Drie conclusion supports employment of military forces along the border where legal restraints are not clear and domestic opposition is less likely.   He further articulates that effectively securing the southwest border in 1990 would require a cordon force of 65,000 U.S. troops. Both the article and monograph fail to mention the 1997 tragic death of a U.S. citizen at the hands of a military service member that exposed the difficulties and inherent risks in employing combat focused forces in training missions in support of domestic counterdrug MSCLEA.   Marine Corps Corporal Manuel Banuelos shot and killed Texas high school student Esequiel Hernandez with a single shot from his service rifle.   The incident inspired a backlash against armed military patrols along the border and resulted in cease of the practice.   The current approach is indirect support to law enforcement such as intelligence, engineering, and surveillance (Dunn, 2001, p 14-17).   In summary, this chapter discusses corroborative information relating to drug cartel along US-Mexico borders and its perpetuation within the region which caused escalation of violence, increasing number of death tool and its serious implication to Mexicos politico-economy as well as its diplomatic relation with nations, specially United States. The succeeding chapters will discuss the methodology. CHAPTER III:   Methodology This chapter tackles the research methodology that will be used to assess the military resource requirements to counter drug activity along the Southwest border.   The author will conduct analysis of secondary information by using (a) timeline analysis to account the historical context about the war on drugs, (b) evaluate the laws and regulations associated with MSCLEA and current MSCLEA support in order to determine the most appropriate MSCLEA to counter drug trafficking along the Southwest border, (c) illustrate key developments in the war on drugs and military involvement in supporting the domestic counterdrug effort and (d) evaluate the significance, extent, resource capacity and feasibility of deploying MSCLEA to assist in the interdiction of DTOs across the Southwest border. Research Design This chapter will examine the issue by means of qualitative and quantitative analyses using variety of sources from media accounts, government reports, academic works, and historical documents.   To a lesser extent, opinion pieces will be used when the information is valid and appropriate opposing viewpoints are available for inclusion. Analysis of the results will provide statistical validity to the interpretation of results for the military and for the other agencies such as drug threats provided by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC). Sample Sampling is irrelevant in this study. Researcher is not using survey method but will be maximizing secondary information from government reports and earlier studies conducted related to the issue on Mexican drug interdiction. Other related relevant sources will also be inclusively considered. Setting The study will be conducted within American soil although it will also make use of documents from Mexican government which will be accessed, reviewed and evaluated accordingly. Instrumentation This is a qualitative and quantitative longitudinal case study that will use a combination of timeline mapping, conflict-analysis, and triangulation to understand the complex and unending illegal drug trade within the region that has been affecting neighboring and the international communities worldwide due to increasing violence within the area despite security management measures. All historical accounts, records, testimonies and researchers from incessant intervention done by the United States of America will be reviewed, analyzed and be maximized in crafting conclusions and recommendations at the end of the study. Data Collection To address research objective number three, DTOs current ability to interdict drugs across the border, the author will review publicly available information from books, journal articles, and corroborated news media accounts.   The book, Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling, will be used to substantiate data from the perspective, motivation and experiences of DTO smugglers. This book interviews experienced smugglers who at one time successfully in defeated drug interdiction measures.   The purpose of this research objective is to identify the nature and extent of DTO exploitation of US Southwest border. Specifically, this question serves to identify DTO resources and methods that are uniquely vulnerable to US military capabilities or where the US military resources can augment civilian law enforcement agencies.   Researcher will further use all information that can be sourced from government agencies, libraries, online research institutions, magazines, journals, court documents, magazines and journals. Data Analysis The author will use historical mapping as an instrument to gather information to assess the length of period and extent of the drug trafficking problem within the region. Historical mapping will also be used to determine the MSCLEA method(s) of involvement introduced by US Southwest region, including the outcome and impact of these interdictions.   Historical mapping will also be used to outline the laws and policies governing MSCLEA that were legislated as a response to countering illegal drug trade in the region. Additionally, analysis of government documents produced by Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Government Accountability Office (GAO), U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) will be analyzed to determine the MSCLEA ability to adequately curtail drug trafficking across the southwest border. Lastly, the author will identify and compare the relative combat power of DTOs and US law enforcement personnel operating along the Southwest border.   Determining the capability gap will exhibit the necessary MSCLEA requirement(s) to effectively reinforce the combat power of law enforcement agencies in order to adequately curtail drug trafficking in the region.   As a mixed quantitative and qualitative study, researcher will present an integrated analysis and inferences into coherent conclusions toward a comprehensive and meaningful explication of the subject studied. Validity and Reliability This research is undertaken with serious consideration of the international and professional standard. Inferences and sequential presentation of information are drawn from primary and secondary sources that are critically evaluated based on acceptable standards of sources. Some information used came from government authorities and decision-making bodies who are honored with their credibility as authorities of the state. Readers who may conduct follow-up research may triangulate information and database used here to further validate reports. Ethical Considerations Researcher observes the highest standard of professional ethics required by the institution. Matters of confidentiality are held sacred while authors, writers, and agencies whose contributions to these subjects are wisely utilized were credited and recognized in the references. The succeeding chapter will substantially discuss the theme of this study. Chapter 4- DISCUSSION Resolving the complex issues on narcotics in the south west border require in-depth reflection on historic interventions made by USA which help increase interdiction on illegal drug-related cartel; evaluate the political capacity of DTO to sustain its illegal operations; triangulate policies of USA in its decision to assist in decreasing the movements of illegal drug trade; and assess the fiscal capacity of the American government to allocate against increasing demand of budget for operations. US Military Capacity vs Drug Trafficking In mid-19th century, United States deployed US Army on its southern border and was mandated to protect the border, interdict bandits, secure lives and properties, conduct regular patrolling and support civil law enforcement against illegal drug cartel business (Matthews, 1959). More than a century have passed, USA is still deploying National Guard Soldiers to the Mexican border as post-9/11 politico-military undertakings (Matthews, 1959). To reckon, from 1846 towards this millennium, US Army sustained its security mandates at the borders hard and rugged terrain (Matthews, 1959).   Reports mentioned that amid disputes, there is also a demand to increase numbers of soldiers (Matthews, 1959).   This is further compounded with critical Mexican politics and US-Mexican diplomatic relations that is affecting Armys operations (Matthews, 1959).   Contextualized in such distinct social character, Armys role was fitted to support to local, state, and Federal civilian agencies. Such nature of intervention is already evident since 1920s (Matthews, 1959). During President George W. Bushs administration decided to deploy about 6,000 Army National Guard Soldiers in 2006 to conduct security border patrol as issues relating to potential terrorist infiltration, increase of illegal drug syndicates activity, and leveling-up of apprehension about illegal immigration to United States en route through Mexico (Matthews, 1959). Though this was regarded with disapproval, there is however recognition to improve border security works albeit controversial use of military personnel to support law enforcement (Matthews, 1959). Both America and Mexico shared ambivalent relations since the former tightened its political control in that shared border coupled with cross-border violent aggressions done by Indians and bandits which accordingly increased the level of enmity (Matthews, 1959). There was however a historic epoch when America and the Mexican governments explored revitalization of goodwill when Major General Philip H. Sheridan waged a campaign against the French.   That provided an opportunity to resolve issues relating to US Armys disposition at the border from 1870 to 1886, including its inherent weakness about lack of personnel and passive defenses against cross-border raids. It also discussed the raid in Mexico in 1873 led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzies   and that pre-emptive strike led by Lieutenant Colonel William Pecos Bill Shafters. There was subsequent reduction of attacks but this generated political conflict which grind down American and Mexican goodwill (Matthews, 1959). In 1911 to 1917, the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in the border and US soldiers realized that static defenses and patrolling couldnt cease terrorist raiders who maintained interest to cross the border. This was also same period when Major General Frederick Funstons attempted to stop the Plan of San Diego plotters and Brigadier General John J. Pershing launched punitive action against Francisco Pancho Villa. The military strategies enforced hot pursuits and preemptive strikes into Mexico to restore order to the border (Matthews, 1959). US Army have also conducted responses to WETBACK Operation in 1954 until they increased their presence in 1978 in Mexican border as a response to same issue on illegal US immigration and anti-drug cartel. The military supports for law enforcement at southern border have also evolved (Matthews, 1959). The historic problem remained in these 20th centuries and the issues pertaining to militarys disposition reverberates (Matthews, 1959). It still re -echo the need for defensive position and the discussion on conducting counterraids and pursuits operations across the border was revived albeit consideration that increasing Mexican security in its own border might decrease the conduct of raids in US-side of the border. Developments in the border also include urbanization in the mountain side as population settled in the twin border encouraged by farming and tourism.   The population reached 10.6 million in 1995 but the problem on illegal alien and drug syndicates persists. Defense Authorization Act of 1982 was thereafter passed to assist law enforcement against illegal drugs smuggling although the act relaxed on specific rules pertaining to Posse Comitatus Act (p.   21.) Under Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Officials, military operates, maintain equipments and train law enforcers and document or report criminal movements. For soldiers back then, this is considered as the expanding role in anti-drug effort in the region with high-tech facilities and surveillance ops and trainings. In 1986, government launched Operation ALLIANCE to trace illegal drugs in Mexico using upgraded and advance technologies. Government later on legislated 1989 Defense Authorization Act which permeates the use of equipment for War on Drugs and for campaigns. In 1989, Joint Task Force-Six (JTF-6) was established under Bushs administration which served as the planning and coordinating opera ­tional headquarters to support law enforcers to interdict the flow of illegal drugs into the United States. JTF-6s covered four Border States of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. This is about 660,000 square miles (p.24). The War on Drugs became high-priority national security mission which deployed military personnel to the border. JTF primary Norths four support categories covered operational support using aviation, 24 hours operation, ground collaborative threat assessment surveillance, sensor and transportation. It also includes intelligence support collaborative threat assessment , geospatial and use of engineering facilities. US soldiers got involved in Counterdrug Narco-Terrorism Personal Protection, Counterdrug Special Reaction Team Training, Drug Trafficking Organization Targeting and Interrogation among others (Louma, 2002). The campaign is sustained nowadays. Just this April 2011, a mass grave was discovered abut 80 miles away from the US border where 59 dead persons were exhumed in San Fernando, Mexico (AFP 2011). This is same location where another mass grave were unearthed in August. The discovery took place after a bus hijacking incident which ended with the arrest of 11 kidnappers and freeing five kidnap victims (AFP 2011). Authorities attributed this violence to the Zetas, a Mexican-based criminal organization working for illegal drug trade. Protests loomed in the 20 cities across Mexico against drug-related violence. More reports mentioned about indiscriminate killing of 72 migrants coming from El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Ecuador and Brazil who were allegedly killed after refusal to work with drug traffickers (AFP 2011). Data bared that there are about 34,600 killings done since 2006 (AFP 2011). FBI Director Robert Mueller reported that the scale of violence heightened as warring factions are in a full-scale of retaliation and retribution relating to drug wars (AFP 2011). Mueller used these facts in his lobby at the US Congress for the agencys budget for 2012 (AFP 2011). DTOs current capability Friedman (2008) opined that there is an alteration of the cartel landscape. The increasing number of arrests caused many DTO to suffer some setback; it is however projected that the Sinaloa Federation will be emerging as the next dominantMexico drug traffickers. The Zetas are also illustrating its cruelty these days in a rampage of gruesome crimes. On the list of authorities, there were 55 drug cartel groups on the list and 20 of them are Mexican enterprises (Breuer, Hover, Placido, 2009). Economically, Stratfor analyzed that drug cartel is bringing in an estimate of $35 billion to $40 billion annually. In an estimate, its presumed that the manufacturing sector got revenue of $40 billion per year through exports (Friedman, 2008).   If the profit margin is 10%, profit would be pegged at $4 billion a year. In the case of narcotics, profit margins may get around 80%. The net of $40 billion is $32 billion (Friedman, 2008). Drug money at Mexico is an exceptional trading with such tremendous high profit margin but analysts suspected such is just circulating in Mexico and is partly used to manipulate and influence domestic politics to ensure their sustainability and its monies reinvestments for its economic flow through legit institutions. Friedman (2008) infer that Mexican government is benefiting from this too and speculated that since drug monies are accumulated and invested, it is maybe used for businesses that generates jobs. Oddly, this is where the Mexican gover nment is perceived hindered to fully stop drug trade because of the flow of money benefited domestic market. Aside from that, Mexican government lacks the capacity to address potential escalation of violence that will have geographic impact. Friedman (2008) argued that Mexico will appear to be endeavoring to stop drug trade to wade-off critics that they are supporting the illegal activities. The country will be fine with disruptions provided monies are coming in constantly and can lay a pointing finger against United States for failure to control demand and by apparently considering the legalization of drug trades.   While its true that Mexican government has its own leadership and policies, but it lacks the competence and motivation to take risks because they benefit more from being ineffective (Friedman, 2010). Reports pointed that drug-related murders in Mexico increased from 2006 to 2007. Figures of death toll further increased to 6,200 murders in 2008 of which 10% are law enforcers and in 2009 death toll escalated to 3,500 persons in Mexico.   This year, 183 dead bodies were exhumed in a mass graves where 72 dead persons where identified as central American migrants (Redaccion, 2011). Recently, there were 27 farm workers whose body were decapitated including two women and two children, were found at the northern Guatemalan province of PetÃÆ' ©n. The Mexican drug cartel, Los Zetas, were suspected of these gruesome incidents. Authorities perceived that DTOs moved to Guatemala for operations due to is territorial remote location and lack of police visibility (Redaccion, 2011). The escalation of violence and number of death tool in Mexico is attributable to the increasing number of firearms systematically harbored and used by DTOs. The arms strengthened them. GAO (2009) reported that firearms confiscated by American soldiers from the borders showed that 87% thereof are traced coming from United States. This is affirmed by the investigations done by Department of Justices Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Of those confiscated, only a few percent were traced due to restriction in the collection and reportage of information relating to purchases of firearms. GAO (2010) also viewed the inability of ATF and Department of Homeland Securitys (DHS) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to coordinate their mandates and functions. Both offices failed to analyze and reported data as fundamental bases to address illegal arm deals in the region. Mexico unfortunately excluded from its aims to genuinely quell and stop drug trafficking, does the absence of truant fulfillment of agreement which hindered U.S. agencies to provide technical or operational assistance at some levels (GAO, 2010). Mexico also didnt utilize the ATFs electronic firearms tracing system as instrument in U.S. arms trafficking investigations. The influx of firearms for DTOs use is further compounded with systemic corruption within the system as evidenced by illicit or occult collaboration of some Mexican officials in drug and arms trafficking. Some political experts made some conjectures that Mexico is so cultured with violence, hence made gun as a natural tool. The remission of governments duty to regulate its and influx made guns look like basic necessity at its black market with price pegged 300% than its original value. Its a highly probable that only members of DTO can trade with guns noting their financial capacity, in fact this is thought as a traditional pattern (Stewart, 2011). Other weapons could have been sourced from networks in South and Central America where arms are smuggled to support insurgencies and counterinsurgencies (Stewart, 2011) or from partners involved in syndicated arm trades who have the capacity to fabricate receipts and defraud documents. While there are those whod speculate that persons of authority who can purchase arms can be paid to perform such acts to legitimize purchase of arms but this posits that deals can be made by anyone, including those from the ranks who can compromise legal mand ates just so to meet financial interest. Sourcing guns through theft are petty ways. What the Mexican affirmed and the GAO found is that guns produced from America are sold to DTOs in all possible ways. Budget for civilian law enforcement its use Luoma Jr. (2002) pointed that American government has been allocating hundreds Table 1. Comparative budget for the DOD form 2005-2010 for counternarcotics activities.   Table showed increasing allocation in the last six years. (GAO, 2010) of millions of dollars for the Department of Defense to Joint Task Force-6 and to the National Guard Counterdrug programs for Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Californias borders to defray expenses for its counternarcotic law missions. More funds were poured in this campaign after the 9/11 attack to secure the borders by preventing entry of alleged terrorists and the weapons of mass destruction. The War on Drugs also evolved into an epoch where military is supporting civil authorities whilst maximizing technology for intelligence operations.   Some lawmakers believed that increasing law enforcers in the international borders is essential for national security (Luoma Jr., 2002) to accordingly stop narcotic traffickers and terrorists. To improve security management, lawmakers supported the improvement of security management by developing and employing: Intelligence Analysts conduct research and gather information for deep analysis of drug flow and DTO organizations as foundation for more actions relating to the interdiction of suspected criminals. These analyst should be imbued with knowledge on law enforcement and operational strategies; Aviation Support- this refers to men specialized in aircraft management and other related facilities needed for reconnaissance and intelligence ops. The aviation support is essential for critical operations; Ground Sensor Placement/Maintenanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ these are electronic devices which detect vibration and ground disturbances to indicate vehicular or foot traffic in suspected smuggling passage areas; Engineering Supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ this refer to military engineering assets that operate along the U.S.-Mexican border which helped improve hazardous desert trails; Reconnaissance/Observation Support intelligence team deployed in critical locations; Listening Post/Observation Post (LP/OP) -teams that are expert on highly specialized night imaging equipment to authorities in detecting the flow of illegal narcotics at the border at night time; Cargo Inspection Support these are military personnel who are supporting U.S. Customs Service at the Ports of Entry into USA from Mexico by conducting cargo inspection that specialized with advanced scanning equipment for more critical law enforcement duties. This is consistent to MÃÆ' ©rida Initiative as collaborative endeavor of experts funded to (1) employ federal prosecutors in Mexico for prosecutorial function; (2) assign forensics- expert in Mexico; (3) help facilitate Mexican law enforcers to strengthen teams to partner with U.S. federal law agents to attack DTOs across the range for their criminal activities; (4) hasten fugitive apprehension based on U.S. laws as well as process extradition with our Criminal Division experts; (5) help Mexico develop asset management system specially those confiscated due to criminal cases; (6) help Mexican law enforcement and prosecutorial offices to strengthen internal integrity; (7) assist them on law enforcement and in prosecution   by scaling up collection, preservation and admissibility of evidences as well as (8) offer expertise on consultations on victim assistance and witness protection issues (Breuer et.al., 2009). All these are essential for the DoD in making collaborative unde rtakings with the Mexican government against cartel-related public corruption and investigation. Note that in 2009, the DoD/Security/WoT spent $738 billion and $663.7 in 2010. Though there is an observable decrease in the budget but be reminded that in the overall overlay of budget appropriation, the DoD has budget almost proportional to that of social security or with income security, medicare and health. From this budget, the table above illustrated that there is an increasing budget allocation too annually for anti-narcarcotics campaign too. That is where the ATI and the ECI got its allocation to finance its varied operations, dubbed in many codes but pointing at the same intent. American Laws and MSCLEA The national policies of America in relation to national security and protection of its people are stipulated in its Constitution. This fundamental law of the land stipulated specific provision on the function of the Department of Defense (DoD) with corresponding regulations on its administration and security management. DoD had issued directives 5525.5, 5210.56, and 3025.1 that stipulated guidelines for participation and conduct of DOD forces in MSCLEA. CJCS Instruction 3121.02 defines policy limits about the use of force by military members participating in MSCLEA and defines its current limits. MS Technical assistance rendered to civilian law enforcement agencies.   This can include military resources that are not available to civilians such as aerial surveillance, technical assistance with these resources, and tactical advice.   It does not include actual law enforcement powers (Sergienko, 2006, p. 395). DoD takes care of three multi-agency intelligence and operatio nal centers dealing on tactical, operational, and strategic support on its counternarcotics   program   at Mexican borders but will focus on enforcement resources. The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) engaged more than 20 agencies and provided critical and case-specific tactical intelligence to law enforcement focused in Southwest Border though it also tracks broad data. ATF on the other hand is the central repository for all intelligence relating to firearms. FBI is part of EPIC and scaled up its participation by creating Southwest Intelligence Group (SWIG). The latter coordinate information and intelligence relating to the Southwest Border as well as aimed at dismantling the ongoing violent criminal activity. SWIG head acts as Assistant Deputy Director of EPIC. SOD, meanwhile, led by DEA, provides operational strategies and coordination for multi-agency investigations. SOD targets the command and control communications of major drug trafficking and narco-terrorism organizations specially the promoinent narco-terrorism organizations that operate at a large scale level in coordination with OCDETF investigations. They were responsible of Operation Xcellerator and in deconflicting operations. Moreover the, OCDETF Fusion Center (OFC) deals comprehensive information containing drug and financial data from DEA, ATF, FBI, IRS, the USMS, the U.S. Coast Guard, CBP, NDIC, EPIC, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the Department of States Bureau of Consular Affairs, and other key players on counternarcotics activities. The OFC provides intelligence on strategic and large-scale investigations in complementation with SOD and does cross-jurisdictional integrated analysis using Compass database. NDIC, is the third intelligence agency which provide information for policy makers and for strategic drug intelligence on specific threat assessments. These cover OCDETF Regional Assessments, including the Southwest Region. Despite its wide network, GAO (2010) assessed that there is poor coordination and utilization of information of network in its operations. Feasible to increase MSCLEA budget? The increase of budget for MSCLEA in the previous years were caused by the augmention of forces at the borders to fight against terror by controlling the movements of arms for DTOs , improving its facilities for operational use, and the need to scale up security measures at the border following 9/11 attack. Some authorities argued then that allocating more budget for deployed forces at the hinterlands will increase the effectiveness of DTOs interdiction. But this is however contrary to the assessments made by GAO in the past years about the performance of soldiers in the counterdrug missions. This result will be expounded in the succeeding paragraph. This researcher perceived that with Democrats-Republican hot debate relating to budget that nearly ended with government shutdown, there is a lame chance that more budgetary allocation be provided for the MSCLEA due to the following observable developments: The recent arrest and death of Osama bin Ladin at Pakistan this year negatively impact to leading terrorist organizations and weaken its community. The manner of the Navy Seals cost-efficient operation to get Bin Ladin on exact target models an operational scheme that can be done to anyone under terrorism list. The US military forces have its own motorpool and engineers who can adequately perform tasks to improve and repair damages to military facilities and equipments. DTOs strength is weakened by the arrests of some of its key leaders and they are presently divided into small fractions. Their movements are monitored in the isolated regions. There are disturbing questions about the absence of standard measure of performance appraisal. The latter is an instrument to truly ascertained that the deployment of more forces in the borders demonstrate effectiveness in interdicting DTOs specially that GAOs finding indicated that armaments used and seized from DTOs came from USAs market itself. This has serious implications to the mandates of the soldiers deployed at the borders how they become contributory to the strengthening of DTOs through times. Unless the DoD are able to make a comprehensive assessment of its strategies, output and outcome and are able to present strategic program based on concrete conditions, the question relating to budgetary allocation of these institution can only be discussed based on contextual condition at the field. The government, as a corporation, allocate budget in accordance to needs and urgency of matters. Up to these days, the fractious nature of the DTOs and the subsequent death of Bin Ladin actually lower the threats even if security managers prepare against potential retaliatory plans against US which could be still at the budding state. At end, let it be remembered that MSCLEA started from former president Richard Nixon and George W. Bush and sustained by president Baraack Obama through legislated laws, presidential directives, executive orders, national security decision directives, and presidential speeches e.g.   National Defense Authorization Acts of 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1991 which led to the increase of counterdrug operations. Its only through laws too by which Congress can direct DOD to participate in counterdrug ops under MSCLEA. Only lawmakers can decide whether an increase in budget is indeed feasible and if its operations will consistently contribute and demonstrate to overall national goals to curb if not end narcotics.   Chapter 5- CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Time and again, its constantly affirmed that deployment and military-based solution will not completely resolve the influx of illegal drugs nor totally dismantle DTOs. While these are considered essential as part of the processes, it is however recognized that illegal drug trafficking require a multi-stakeholder movement to discourage this ailing economy as this breads violence, human rights violations, and conflict of nations. The researcher therefore wishes to affirm and appreciate the following points: The increased deployments of US forces in the US-Mexican border led to the seizure of narcotics and are therefore appreciable and can be considered as contributory to the general objective of interdicting or suppressing DTOs within the region. American government fully supported the War on Drugs in the borders of Mexico, thus the constantly increasing budget as observed in its allocations in the last six years. While presence of the US soldiers limit the mobility and transport of drug along the borders and resulted to confiscation of illegal drugs, as depicted in the reports, but still the century old operation has not ended the production of illegal drugs, the DTOs still regroup and strengthen their ranks, and has not change the tension between American and Mexican governments. As operation been sustained for many decades and whilst operatives submit report to the congress and to proper authorities, there remains a cognition that the report are merely quantitative and narrative, often excluded or lacking information about effective performance appraisals measurement based on standards and criteria to enable an empirical -based decision-making. The appraisal will become a database to manage counternarcotics activities and to tract progress (GAO, 2010).   This researcher therefore adopts the recommendation that DOD must develop a standard of measure in security and counternarcotics performance management for US soldiers deployed in the borders of USA-Mexico. As this campaign on War against Drug require multi-stakeholder, interagency and international involvement of all affected states or nations, it is relevant to consider the following: Develop network and linkage with international community, especially nations who are victims as transshipment areas of drug smuggling syndicates. American government to improve diplomatic (Valencia, 2011 Urdaneta, 2011) thrust and relation with Mexican government by setting models of governance and development which consider peace and narcotics-free society as requisite for sustainable economy. Such can be done if the War on Drugs will inspire or motivate Mexican government and its populace to lead the course of the campaign whilst beefing them up to put teeth on their laws against narcotics. As borders of Mexico is the haven of illegal drug trade operators, it is but appropriate to   put on the shoulders of Mexican government and their military or police authorities the major responsibility of interdicting DTOs while US soldiers will only take a pro-active defensive position across the border unless pre-emptive operations or retaliatory tactics are necessary when attacked. US soldiers may however provide education and training to Mexican soldiers about HR-sensitive policing, if perceived necessary. Discourage the proliferation or entry of firearms for DTOs and sustain the campaign in tracing narcotics-sourced money laundering. Stop the influx of firearms and munitions in to Mexico from US; arrest those who are collaborating on this arm deals within the US military. Strategize campaigns by exposing human rights violations done by DTOs. Responses of Mexican populace and from the international communities will help pressure Mexican government make a firm position to end illegal drug cartel. Facilitate and support reform agenda for Mexico government, specially its police and military structures. This strategy will pressure domestic leaders to remove their complicit network with government officials and DTOs and weaken illegal drug traders, ultimately toward dismantling of   DTOs structures too. Its hope that this could lead toward genuine peace and development of the nation as an outcome. DoD must develop a standard measure of performance appraisal as instrument to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the forces performance, evaluate its strategy, and improve coordination among inter-agencies involved in anti-narcotics program as recommended by GAO (2010) and mainstream the number of forces in accordance to performance targets defined by plans, program, budget and execution timeline. DoDs counternarcotics activities cost $.7.7 billion from 2005 to 2010. This includes $ 6.1 billion budget for counternarcotics central transfer account and the $1.5 billion supplemental budget (GAO, 2010). There is a need to streamline budget for cost-efficiency. While the MSCLEA and its network of forces have relatively achieved some targets, there are however expected outcomes that were not performed. The result of the comprehensive assessment of DoD with its allied networks under MSCLEA with its anent strategic plan will determine the direction, programs, budgetary allocation and the operational mandates of this counternarcotics activities. The forces must, at all times, be programmatic and result-oriented to ensure that plans and targets are done cost-efficiently and effectively.Â

White Privilege The Black Privilege - 988 Words

White Privilege Privilege is defined as â€Å"a special advantage or authority possessed by a particular person or group† in the Cambridge Dictionary. Globally, white individuals are often granted privileges than minority groups do not receive. While white privilege often goes unnoticed by white individuals, it causes many disadvantages for people of color and effects how they see themselves. Furthermore, Affirmative Action attempts to equal the playing field for minorities but is faced with contention by many white people. When asked about white privilege, many whites believe that it is a myth while other deny the existence of white privilege entirely. However, white privilege is not a myth. White privilege is very prevalent in society and uniquely effects many different groups. Peggy McIntosh discusses white privilege in her article â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.† McIntosh states, â€Å"I have come to see while privilege as an invisible pack age of unearned assets which I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was, meant to remain oblivious† (par. 3). While, white privilege benefits whites it often has an adverse effect on people of color. White privilege comes in many forms. One white privilege is that being white is seen as normal. This is evident when looking at product sold in â€Å"flesh color.† Bandages, hosiery, and undergarments are often marketed as â€Å"flesh tone† but are sold in tones that match white skin (McIntosh, Holladay). It is normalShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1389 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"White privilege refers to the fact that in many societies, â€Å"white† people have access to greater power, authority, and privileges, than non-white people† (Robbins et al. 2013:81). It goes beyond letting white people get away with more than other races; it also discriminates against them. This is well illustrated by the history of white p rivilege in America and how it changed over time (Nkomo Ariss 2013) and how white privilege is used to benefit white people (Blum n.d). Without white privilegeRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper examines how white privilege continues to be constructed today within schools and how teachers have a large role in it. In today’s society, many can go through their lives without understanding what it is or how it effects other people. White privilege is how a person’s lighter skin color benefits them directly from birth and that person doesn’t have to do anything in order to gain these privileges. These privileges are good and usually don’t have any negative consequences for the personRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1578 Words   |  7 PagesWhite privilege is the ability for whites to maintain an elevated status in society that masks racial inequality. It is also considered a system of advantage based on race, as well as societal privileges that benefit white people. It is usually known as the â€Å"other†, or the opposite side of discrimination. Some people in society, typically people of color, feel as though people with white skin have benefits over people of color, just because they’re white. White privilege is sometimes seen as a higherRead MoreWhite Privilege : Black Privilege1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhite Privilege in America Whit privilege is still a problem in America. Through history, white privilege has been a major civil conflict in American societies. It is still prevalent today. What most people want to know is if there is a way to prevent the continuation of white privilege. By knowing the history, and the various types of white privilege, there might be a way to overcome and eventually prevent it. To fully understand what white privilege is, one must first understand the origin ofRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1593 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Privilege Dick Hebdige in â€Å"From Culture to Hegemony; Subculture: The Unnatural Break† states â€Å"All human societies reproduce themselves in this way through a process of ‘naturalization’. It is through this process- a kind of inevitable reflex of all social life- that particular sets of social relations, particular ways of organizing the world appear to us as if they were universal and timeless,† (142). Hebdige speaks to the fact that the way society is structured and the way people interactRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1732 Words   |  7 PagesWhite privilege is an advantage in society that is unmerited. Though it is practiced in every day life (whether it’s subtle or not), the majority views it as â€Å"absurd† and â€Å"non-existent†. It is a taboo that creates feelings of guilt, hostility and anger, but it must be addressed and understood in order to be eradicated. It is necessary for white people to acknowledge their part in maintaining and benefiting from a society that has thrived on racial hierarchy and white supremacy for centuries. WhiteRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"privilege† is when a person has the right or confused with having the right to do something. For example, for someone to advance their education is not a privilege perhaps it is a right. In some cases during cer tain situation person can be granted the privilege. White privilege is a word greatly used in social rights that advantage individuals to be acknowledged as white in Western countries, afar what is frequently proficient by non-white individuals in the same social, political, orRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege Essay2193 Words   |  9 Pages When I think about white privilege, I see it as something I must understand to truly feel a relation to my own privileges with race. â€Å"As a white person, I realized I had been taught about racism as something which puts others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to see one of its corollary aspects, white privilege, which puts me at an advantage.† (McIntosh 1988) When comparing other privileges McIntosh sees that her life is more influenced by her skin color than class, religion, ethnic statusRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege2557 Words   |  11 PagesWhite Privilege in America Privilege affects everyone, regardless of if they are affected positively or negatively. Being the majority of majorities in America, white males bear an automatic stamp of privilege on their foreheads, although they would care very strongly not to admit it. On the surface, privilege does not seem like such a bad thing, but when you pay attention to the differentiation of struggles between white men and everyone else in America, you can see it is a very large issue. WhetherRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1620 Words   |  7 PagesAt its core, white privilege is described to be an â€Å"invisible package of unearned assets† (McIntosh, 2002, p. 33) for white people. There are many layers explaining the manifestation of white privilege and even more explanations pertaining to its dominant presence in today’s world. This essay will address key aspects of white privilege and pick the two most important aspects with explanations signifying the reasons for their choosing. An explicit aspect of white privilege is the fact that it is

Do not go gentle into that g... free essay sample

Do not go gentle into that good night and Death Be Not Proud, both have to deal with the subject of death. These poems have opposite messages about death, but at the same time have many similar attitudes toward it. Death Be Not Proud talks about how death has absolutely no power over people, while Do not go gentle into that good night says that it is part of human nature to fight against death even if wed rather not. Do not go gentle into that good night and Death Be Not Proud see death as an opponent, however one sees it as an enemy that is already defeated while the other sees it as an enemy that must be defeated. In Death Be Not Proud Donne says Those whom thou thinkst thou dost overthrow / Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me(lines 3-4).This passage shows Donnes belief that people will always overcome death. We will write a custom essay sample on Do not go gentle into that g or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Thomas poem, he writes Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in the green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light (7-9).Even the so called good men are eventually in the end defeated by death according to Thomas.The tone of both of these poems is one of bitterness towards death, although in different ways. In Death Be Not Proud Donne hates death because he thinks it has power over humans and in his opinion just the opposite is right. Donne says that death is a Thou art slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men. (9). He thinks death has no reason to be proud because he relies on these things for its power, so people have the power over death. Thomas feels almost the opposite, though. He sees death as having power over people, and is saying that people dont want to give in to death. To get his point across he repeats the lines Do not go gentle into that good night and Rage, rage against the dying of the light four times in the course of the poem. Even though they have different views of death they share the theme of rebellion of death.The two poems Do not go gentle into that good night and Death Be Not Proud dont see death as a negative thing. When happening to be looking at the title Do not go gentle into that good night you notices that Thomas calls the night, a metaphor for death. He also says Though wise men at their end know dark is right (4). This would suggest that he believes that death is a necessary occurrence. If Thomas sees death as essential, then why does he say Rage, rage against the dying of the light (19)? In line 16 when he addresses his father is where you can find the answer. Throughout the entire poem he names different types of men. Then in the last stanza he specifically names his father. In the poem Thomas is trying to express that even though he knows that death is natural he doesnt want his father to die. This creates a sort of conflict in the poem where Thomas knows that eventually death will come for everyone, but he wants to put it off as long as possible in the case of his father.Donnes view of death is that it is a pointless thing that has no power over people. By saying One short sleep past, we wake eternally (13). He illustrates that he believes that there is some sort of afterlife. In fact, he says that the time death has power over a person is so short that it can be matched, or even exceed in life by poppy and charms (11). When reading through Death Be Not Proud one might get the feeling that, although the tone is one dislike towards death, Donne sees it as something of a positive experience. This aspect is represented when he says From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, / Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow (5-6). In all reality, if sleep is soothing and calm, then death must be somewhat as grand.The major difference between these two poems is whom they are directed at. In Do not go gentle into that good night it seems to be a message to Thomas father. He is saying all types of men rage against the dying of the light, and pleads that his father does the same. Although Death Be Not Proud is seemingly directed at the personification of death, it seems like it could also be directed at the people who treat death like it is Mighty and dreadful (2). He wants to get this message across to those that fear and honor death and that death is controlled by people, not the other way around.These two poems can each be summed up by one line from each. In Do not go gentle into that good night the main point of the poem is Old age should burn and rave at the close of day (2) and Death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die (14) in Death Be Not Proud. The reality of these two poets disagreement on death is characterized. Thomas believes one should not go gentle into that good night, while Donne believes death is the Rest of their bones, and souls delivery (8).

Forensic Science Essay Research Paper The word free essay sample

Forensic Science Essay, Research Paper The word Forensic comes from the Latin forensus, significance of the forum.1 In ancient Rome, the forum was where lawmaking arguments were held, but it was besides where tests were held merely similar modern twenty-four hours courthouses. From that, forensic scientific discipline has come to intend the application of the natural and physical scientific discipline to the gesture of affairs within a legal context2. Forensic Science can be viewed as a three-party construction dwelling of a Collection, which pertains to the scientific discipline probe, Examination, which pertains to the medical probe and, Presentation, which pertains to the tribunals. A forensic instance will affect all facets of each of the three structured elements, each being every bit of import as the other. It is obvious that there needs to be a shared attack for the successful terminal of each instance. Each measure in forensic scientific discipline must be done in an exact order ; therefore it can be assured that the probe can hold few uncertainties about what is being debated. In this paper I will concentrate my attending on the first facet of the three-step construction, Collections and Scientific Investigation. I will demo what should be done at offenses scenes, how offense scenes should be handled and what stairss must be followed to guarantee that all grounds is uncontaminated as when the offense was committed. The intent of offense scene probe is to assist set up what happened at the offense and to place the responsible individual or people. Carefully documenting the state of affairs at a offense scene and acknowledging all important physical grounds do this. The ability to acknowledge and decently roll up physical grounds is frequently times critical to both work outing and prosecuting violent offenses. It is no hyperbole to state that in the bulk of instances, the jurisprudence enforcement officer who protects and searches a offense scene plays a important function in finding whether physical grounds will be used in work outing or prosecuting violent offenses. Documenting a offense scene and its conditions can include straight entering brief inside informations such as lighting, furniture, fingerprints, and other valuable information. Certain grounds if non collected right off can easy be lost, destroyed or ruined. The scope of probes can besides spread out to the fact of difference in such instances as self-destruction or self-defence. It is besides of import to be able to acknowledge what should be present at a offense scene, what to look for at a offense scene and what might look out of topographic point. A offense scene frequently does non relate to the direct country in which a victim or existent offense has occurred, but the possibility of flight or entree paths should besides be checked. Anything, which can be used to link a victim to a suspect or a suspect to a victim or a offense scene, is of import physical grounds. Richard Saferstein explains, Physical grounds encompasses any and all objects that can set up that a offense has been committed or can supply a nexus between a offense scene and its victim or a offense and its culprit ( 31 ) . I will now explicate the appropriate techniques and ways a offense scene and physical grounds should be handled and examined. One of the first things an officer should make one time he gets to the offense scene is to take control and procure the scene every bit rapidly as possible. This is to forestall anyone from destroying grounds and to maintain unauthorised individual or individuals out of the country such as the media, the populace or anyone who doesn # 8217 ; t belong. While this is being done, an officer should besides be watchful for useless grounds and note if there are any possible attack or flight paths. After an officer does this, he should reason the grade in which the scene has been protected and do certain there is adequate security in the country. All individuals come ining and go outing the offense scene should be logged and kept down to a bare lower limit to do certain the pureness of the offense scene when the instance goes to tribunal. Each individual involved in the offense scene should hold knowledge comparative to its original conditions to avoid from inadvertent motion of objects, grounds or anything, which might ache in the probe of the offense. When all of this is done, the following measure that can occur is the existent review of the offense scene. The review of the offense scene will normally get down with a walk through of the country along the test of the offense. The trail is that country, which all noticeable actions connected with a offense, took topographic point. It is besides sometimes marked by the presence of physical grounds ; this may include the point of entry, the location of the offense, countries where a suspect may hold cleaned up and the point of issue. The intent of the walk through is to observe the location of possible grounds and to mentally sketch how the scene will be physically examined. The first topographic point research workers should look is the land they walk on. This is to forestall any grounds from being destroyed and if observed should be marked and warned to others non to step in that country. As the walk through occurs, the research workers should do certain their custodies are busy and they don # 8217 ; t touch anything. The best manner to forestall from touching anything is to maintain your custodies in your pockets. Once the walk through has been completed, the scene should be documented with videotape, exposure and studies. Any or all objects can supply a nexus between a offense and its victim/suspect ; therefore it is really of import that the offense scene be good photographed and recorded One of the first stairss in documenting and entering a offense is videotape. Videotapes can supply a position on the offense scene layout that can non be as easy perceived in exposure and studies. The status of the scene should remain unaffected with the exclusion of markers placed by research workers to demo little things that might non be seen such as slugs, bloodstains or other key pieces of grounds. A key in videotaping is slow motion through out the scene and should be done so from get downing to stop. It is besides wise to travel over an country twice in order to forestall unneeded rewinding of the tape when screening and to do certain the taper has captured everything. Taping should get down with the general lineation of the scene and environing country. Taping should go on throughout the scene utilizing different angles, close-ups, and still shootings for a few seconds. Once videotaping has finished it is so best to besides capture the offense scene with still picture taking. Regardless if a scene has been videotaped, still photographs are a must at every offense scene. Although videotaping does enter everything, exposure can demonstrate certain things such as direct comparing. Actual size exposure can be used to compare fingerprint and shoe prints photographed at the scene against the suspect. Again, when photographing, the outer portion of the scene should be taking first to demo the environing countries, so towards the offense scene itself. Wide angle exposures should be used of the offense scene and environing countries. A good technique to utilize when hiting suites is to hit from many possible angles such as from all four corners, from a room access or from a window. When close-ups are necessary of cardinal pieces of grounds, a swayer should be photographed with the points where comparative size is of import. While each exposure is being taken, a individual should besides be taking notes on what the individual is hiting, in order at a ulterior day of the month to understand what was seeking to be accomplished. After still picture taking has been taken, the concluding measure in entering a offense scene is to chalk out and pull the scene out by manus. While exposures are planar and frequently can change distance and size, studies provide the agencies of demoing distance or objects, and an over-head position of the country and milieus. A study is normally made of the scene as if one is looking straight down or consecutive in front. Measurements should be taken at offense scene of distances between two objects, room measurings and cardinal pieces of grounds. Two measurings should be taken at right angles to each other from two location points. Each measuring should be double measured to do certain they are right and accurate. A professional utilizing all the measurings and notes taken by the research workers can do a concluding study. However, the original studies should non be thrown out but saved along with other cardinal grounds in instance a dissension occurs or something was missed. Once the offense scene has been recorded with videotaping, still picture taking and studies, assemblage of grounds can happen. Gathering and turn uping physical grounds is a really slow a boring occupation when done right, nevertheless, it can give up many hints. One of the first things an research worker must find is the size and country that must be searched. The chief focal point hunt must include all likely points of entry and issues used by the felons. When seeking, certain forms may be used to cover and analyze the country. There are about three different ways in which an country can be examined. One manner is a coiling hunt method, which is by get downing in the centre of the scene and work in a coiling outward do this method until all of the scene has been covered and checked. Another method and normally the preferable method is the grid method. This is done by taging the offense scene into a grid and walking in a consecutive line from one side of the grid towards the other where as you make 180 grades turn and come back a few stairss over from where you merely searched. This form overlaps itself and I feel is one of the best hunt methods. The concluding method used is a quadrant or zone hunt. This is when the scene is divided into certain quarter-circles, normally four and each zone is searched with either the spiral or deprive line hunt. Then after each zone is searched, the overall scene can be searched utilizing the above forms. When grounds is found it must be bundle and protected in a manner that prevents any physical alteration from go oning from the clip it is taken to the it reaches the offense research lab. Such things like breakage, taint, vaporization and ruined samples can all be avoided with proper handling and packaging. Original conditions must be maintained at all cost and when of all time possible the full object should be submitted to the offense research lab. Good judgement must be maintained and common sense normally plays a function. Each different point must be placed in separate containers to forestall cross- taint. It is besides wise to take comparative samples, so that grounds can be compared to normal or controlled pieces. Unbreakable bottles with palpebras are good for such things as hair, glass, fibres and other grounds. However, when anything contains blood grounds, it must be placed in a non-seal able container, such as paper bags. This is to halt bacterium from organizing and perchance doing the grounds unserviceable. Besides good for grounds aggregation are manila envelopes, composition board boxes and paper bags. Besides blood, particular involvement must be made towards vesture. All vesture must be air-dried and placed separately in separate paper bags to guarantee changeless circulation to forestall cast or mold from go oning. The lone clip a seal able container must be used, is in the instances when leery fires are being investigated. Finally, with gathering grounds at offense scenes, an research worker must do certain he non merely labels the grounds, but besides makes a right description on all studies and diagrams. Evidence should non be handled a great trade after recovery and should be kept down to as few people as possible. Research workers must continuously look into paperwork, packaging notations, and other recording of information for possible struggle or mistakes, which may do confusion or jobs at a ulterior clip in tribunal. Once grounds is gathered it must be sent to a research lab for processing and farther probe. When points are to be delivered the method normally depends on how far off the research lab is from the offense scene. In most instances, a province or local research lab is within a few hours and bringing can be made by personal bringing. However, in some instances when points must be shipped to F.B.I. central offices in Washington D.C. , personal bringing is normally out of the inquiry. When an point needs to be shipped via mail, it should be packaged in a manner non to damage it. Postal ordinances do prohibit such things as ammo or explosives from being send through the mail. Each point when shipped should be logged and sent with a checklist in order to do certain everything shipped is accounted for. An in depth study should besides be sent of the offense, notes, and why the points were sent and what should be looked for. Along with the grounds, control specimens should besides be sent to the research lab so that they can measure grounds to a normal piece of what is being looked for. One of the chief concerns with physical grounds ever argued by the tribunals is whether or non the grounds was obtained lawfully. Often with a few major tribunal instances, grounds has been thrown because it was obtained illicitly to do certain of a strong belief. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provinces, The right of the people to be secure in their individuals, houses, documents, and effects, against unreasonable hunts and ictuss, shall non be violated, and no warrants shall publish, but upon likely cause, supported by curse or avowal, and peculiarly depicting the topographic point to be searched, and the individuals or things to be seized. ( U.S. Constitution ) With this, the Constitution means the constabulary do have a right to prehend points or grounds that might assist them in finding a suspect, nevertheless they do non hold to the right to take the points illegality. The constabulary must hold likely cause in order to take belongings and prehend points, which belong to person else. Unreasonable hunts and ictuss occur when the officers in charge do non hold the authorization to be at a certain topographic point or make non hold the tribunals or proprietors permission to look around, or about the individual # 8217 ; s belongings or country. One instance that clearly shows how illegal hunts and ictuss took topographic point against a suspect is in the instance of Michigan v. Tyler4. In this instance, Loren Tyler who leased a concern was charged with incendiarism after his concern was destroyed by fire. During the probe, assorted points and physical grounds were recovered from the edifice. However, on three other separate occasions, 4 yearss, 7 yearss, and 25 yearss after the fire, research workers came back to the scene and once more took assorted points that they thought would assist them construct a instance against Tyler. Each of these hunts was made without a warrant or without consent of the proprietor. During the test, the physical grounds seized in all four hunts was used to convict Tyler of incendiarism. On entreaty, the U.S. Supreme tribunal upheld a reversal of the strong belief stating that the grounds was illegal. The other hunts were made without consent, or with out likely cause, the resulting reentries to the scene were prohibited and a new test was arranged on these conditions. The message as explained from the Supreme Court is clear, When clip and fortunes permit, obtain a hunt warrant before investigation and recovering physical grounds at the offense scene ( Saferstein 50 ) . In decision, as we can see through out this study, aggregation and recording of a offense scene is really of import, with out proper regulations and particular handling, a felon can travel free. The intent of offense scene probes is to assist set up what happened, and to place the responsible individuals or victims. To figure this out, careful recording and probes of a offense scene must take topographic point. Recording the offense scene inside informations such things as topographic point, clip, conditions, lighting, fingerprints, grounds, etc. To enter a offense scene such things as videotape, still picture taking and studies are used to give a narrative or clip line of what happened and what took topographic point. Once the offense scene has been recorded, existent review for physical grounds occurs. This is where the research workers expression for hints such as fingerprints, bloodstains, points or anything, which might take them towards a suspect. When garnering grounds, each point should be topographic point in separate containers and certain regulations for blood stained apparels and fire probes apply. The research workers must maintain piece of land and record everything in which they recover from a offense scene. Searching a offense scene is a long and thorough procedure, nevertheless, it will give up many hints when done decently. Once the grounds is found, recorded and packaged, it must be sent to a offense lab for farther processing. Each point when shipped should be recorded, logged and accounted for from individual to individual so when used in a test, the grounds has been accounted for from get downing to stop. The concluding thing research workers must do certain is that all grounds was seized decently and with likely cause. This is the chief ground why in so many tribunal instances grounds is thrown out, improper hunts and ictuss. If any research worker is in uncertainty on whether or non a topographic point or individual can be search, it is ever best to obtain a warrant for that such ground.

Of Children And Innocence Essays - Crime, Criminology, Childhood

Of Children And Innocence Of Children and Innocence Cause and Effect Essay There are many theories as to why violent juvenile crime is on the rise in the United States. Some theorists state that it is the collapse of the family unit, while others say it is violence in the media or the environment in which a child is raised. Actually, it is a combination of many varied internal and external forces. But first, one must go to the beginning, to the very root of a child's age of self-awareness. Children are born with the capacity to learn. Hate, envy, racism, selfishness; these traits are not instinctive, rather, they are learned. It does not matter where anti-social traits are initially experienced, whether it is found in the home, or school, or even in the nursery, the results are the same. Children that are exposed to violence at an early age could have a propensity towards violent behavior as they mature. Children must be shown that violent behavior is not acceptable, and traits, such as compassion, are acceptable. Too many children today are left alone or unsupervised by guardians and parents. In today's society, it is a common trend for both the mother and father to work. Young children are many times left in the care of schools, friends, neighbors, and relatives. In these cases children behave in ways that imitate real life. Children observe violence on television, at their school, or at home. In a child's eyes, violence is an acceptable behavior because it is observ ed as being acceptable. It is imperative that young children are guided and taught the differences between right and wrong. In a perfect society, this is all well and good. Unfortunately, perfect societies do not exist. If the core fundamental moral structure of a child's undeveloped personality is firmly established, there is a very good chance that violence will not be a part of that child's adult future. Child psychiatrists have found that a child becomes self aware around six years of age. The first five years of a person's life is sometimes referred to as the ?age of innocence.? Too many children today have never experienced the age of innocence. These children more often become adults with developed undesirable anti-social behaviors. A very high percentage of violent adolescents were found to have had come from a disturbed and sometimes violent homelife. When these same adolescents were asked if they could recall happy moments in early childhood, most could not recall any. Most certainly, the violence seen on television, in films, in newspapers and periodicals only amplified the acceptance of violent behavior. In order for society to find a way to control violent youth, society must start with the newborn generation, and continue working with each successive newborn generation, until instances of violent behavior begin to subside. There is a solution, but the solution would require understanding and participation of all parties involved. This would mean Federal and local governments, schools, churches, day care centers, and ultimately, both parents. The solution could take years, even decades to implement. But it must be done soon if we ever expect to see a change in our youth within our lifetime.

Art and Religion in Traditional African Society Essay Example

Art and Religion in Traditional African Society Essay Example Art and Religion in Traditional African Society Essay Art and Religion in Traditional African Society Essay Art and Religion in Traditional African Society Throughout the world, changes in peopleâ„ ¢s lives are marked by important events, ceremonies and celebrations. Whether they are called confirmation, communion, graduation, birthdays, initiations or funerals, certain amount of rituals that characterized there activities and make them special are integrated. In Africa, these special activities or rituals constitute an important aspect of a rich socio-cultural and religious life of the people, and are expressed through various artistic means. Every stage of their lives, traditional Africans adhere to certain values, attitudes and thoughts which are products of their past experiences in relation to the environment and forces within and without, with a strong believe that the universe is given life by spirits that inhibit the fields they farm, the cloud that brings rainfall, the rivers from which they gather fishes and the wilderness where they hunt wild animals and build settlements. Given the existence of these spirituals, ways are sought to contact, to communicate and control their powers, thus, they engage in constant and faithful rituals, sacrifices and worship. In most cases, art, whether through performances or tangible objects, becomes the medium and point of contact. Notable among these manifestations of invisible spirits in tangible forms such as carved wood or stones (sculpture), is the power figure called Nkisi, from kongo. It embodies a spiritual force that is to be placed in a container and placed on the abdomen to wade away evil. To the Yoruba of Nigeria, the Geledeâ„ ¢ mask, gives identity and personality to the otherwise abstract and intangible spirits of their ancestors. The Ife people of Nigeria made ceremonial busts of their rulers, who were called Oni, to commemorate the reign of their leaders. The Isangui people from Gabon, produced wooden masks used also in ceremonies for a particular village meant to represent the spirits of all the deceased female ancestors of the village. These representations in mysterious and uncanny forms by the African artist, offers a means through which the emerging forces nature and the power of magic are expressed, thereby evoking an effective source for the spiritual embodiment and stability which provides religion with purpose and meaning, helping people to understand and cope with circumstances and occasionally explains the misfortune and other unexpected events of life. Granted, the traditional belief system that form the basis on which art in Africa is produced, expresses a respect for a universal life force which cannot be contacted directly, except through mediums that serves as intermediaries, these mediums are carved, built or arranged by a special and sacred few. Whether they are the Chiraraâ„ ¢ mask of Bambara meant to appease the spirits of agriculture or the Bundu mask of the Mende society, meant for initiation rites, the symbols, masks and figures of traditional Africa are imbued with power to mediate fertility, wealth, health, and divination. Where these traditional customs flourished, a continuity of the sacred order is sustained through initiations, sacrifices and worship, as seen in the Poroâ„ ¢ society of sierra-Leone and the Ifaâ„ ¢ worship of Oshogbo, Nigeria. The mystical characters encountered in these societies provides only but a surface penetration into their meanings and values. Although the bulk of traditional African art is centered on religions inspiration, yet, there are those whose excellent forms hold no religions significance whatever, such as the Ashanti gold weights, Dahomean brass and appliqueâ„ ¢ cloths, Yoruba house-post and the Cameroon pipe bowls. However, African religions vary in their emphasis, but all include some worship of nature-duties, the recognition of the power of the ancestors, the belief in an ability to foretell the future, and in the efficacy of magic. In the eastern part of the continent, family cults seem to have primacy, while in the western potion; gods who represent the forces of nature are most prominent. Yet both beliefs are found everywhere in Africa, even in the simple cultures of the extreme south. The custodians of these deities, divinations and ancestral figures are specialist whose techniques, shrines and methods very widely. Oracles that are consulted to reward good and punish evil, magic that creates confidence and hope or dispels fear is ubiquitous and finds its expression in the charm, which is wrongly and ignorantly seen us evil because of its fetishâ„ ¢ connotation â€Å" a term derived from Portuguese feiticoâ„ ¢, meaning, things madeâ„ ¢, and from this again the misnomer for the re ligion of certain parts of Africa, fetichism. Furthermore, the esthetic drive and religions expressions of art in Africa is not only rendered or restricted to two and three-dimensional forms of expressions, but are also found in music, dance and storytelling. Everywhere, song and dance contributes immensely to worship. Singing takes the fundamental form of antiphony between leader and chorus, while the drum is sometimes the sole and always the principal instrument played to accompany song. The dance beat known in its ritual forms, is based on great ingenuity in execution of complicated steps and bodily movement, depicting spirituality, victory or quest as in the case of the Chiwaraâ„ ¢ dance, Bambara, Mali. Dancing is the supreme expression of worship in every traditional African religion. African folklore includes myth, tale, proverbs and riddle which are closely integrated into the life of the people, and which are striking in their unity over the continent. Then myths explain the nature of the world and the forces that rule it, thus, sanctioning social structures and the ancestral cults by the account they provide of group origins and early clan adventure. By reference to sacred tales, priest derived authority, ritual force and magical power. The myth of Faâ„ ¢ a being with sixteen eyes as told in the Dahomean folklore, is of important reference on this point. The general belief that African art is a result of inspiration cannot be overemphasized following the treads and development of the African civilizations. Religion is an important part of the cultures that make up the vast African communities, and is interrelated with other facets of life far more intimately than among humans. Thus, the supernatural world is part o the workaday round, to be met without fear and with full knowledge that for every ill there is a remedy, for every problem a specialist who can help with a solution and for every awe, a call for reverence. As such, religion becomes immediate to life, not removed from it; a fully functioning part of universe that encompasses both the living and the dead with a system of that is strong and sure because, for the traditional African, each day of his life is a fulfillment of the pragmatic test to which he continuously experience. REFERENCES M. Hershovits The Background of African Art (University Microfilms international, London 1978) The language of African Art: A Bicentennial Exhibition From Museum of African art 1976 â€Å" 1978 (Davis) Vogel, Susan M. Anesthetics of African Art (The Centre for African art, New York: 1986) Berman, Esme (1993), Bermanâ„ ¢s Art and Artists of Africa, in Charda Jacqueline, 2006, African Art and Architecture, Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Christopher Roy (1999), Art and Life in Africa. www.uiowa.edu/africat. Willet, Frank (2003), African Art: An introduction. 3rd Ed. Thames and Hudson.