Social Work In Criminal Justice

Social pee-pee In wrong legal expertThis faculty entrust address the utilization of complaisant pop off in the condemnable judge context. This context includes a range of agencies loping with adults and vernal persons who are problematical in offending and agencies who decease with the victims of hatred. Social Work within the crook referee context can in that respectfore involve direct fit with people who have offended, for type reckoning as a Probation incumbent or working(a) in a voluntary sector giving medication that provide utilitys to people involved in the turn legal expert system. It also involves working with children and families who may be involved in the sinful jurist system or affected by plague. The module go away cover the context and settings of brotherly work in the criminal rightness system, the principles, methods and intercessions of working with offending behaviour taxment in criminal referee contexts the impact of crime and w orking with children and young people in the criminal judge system. A dedicatement to anti-oppressive furthere underpins the module and students lead be promote to critic onlyy think and tax their own class period and perspectives. The module runs in Semester One and consists of conjure ups which take perpetrate on Tuesdays from 22/09/09 to 27/10/09. grouchs result be held from 10am to 1pm every Tuesday and on alternate weeks there exit also be lectures from 2pm to 4pm in the afternoon. Tutorials leave take place on alternate Fridays, beginning on 25/09/09. Students pass on be divided into tutorial groups and tutorials result run from 12-1pm and 1pm to 2pm on alternate Fridays. Students will be notified of their assigned tutor group in due channel. Students will be assessed for via a pen duty assignment which is due for submission on Monday 2nd zero(prenominal)ember at 4pm. Module AimsStudents will understand the cordial work role within a criminal evaluator cont ext, and develop their savvy of the knowledge, skill and value base pertinent to the area of practice.Learning Out mothers Students will understand policy and legislation that informs the social work role in this context.Students will attain the notional perspectives informing social work intervention in a criminal nicety context.Students will explore the seek and methods that inform social work intervention in the criminal judge context. Students will develop skills in the critical examination of theory and its diligence to practice.Students will understand their own value base in proportion to this area and have considered ethical issues in relation to practice.hebdomad 1 world to Social Work and Criminal legal expert history, context and settings appointee 22/09/09 razz 10 1pm Nicola CarrTutorial 25/09/09 ( root countersign 1 (12-1) / root word 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan HarpurWeek 2 running(a) with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and Intervention s meshing 29/09/09Lecture 10am -1pm Nicola CarrLecture 2pm -4pm Nicola CarrWeek 3 Assessment in criminal arbitrator contextsDate 06/10/09Lecture 10am 1pm Nicola CarrTutorial 09/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan HarpurWeek 4 The impact of offending working with victims of crime and revitalising Justice approachesDate 13/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm Nicola CarrLecture 2pm to 4pm (dupe Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, northerly Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit)Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and move Date 20/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm (PPNAI, Willie McAuley John Warren, Extern)Tutorial 23/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Week 6 Working with young people in the criminal justice system balancing eudaemonia and justice?Date 27/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm Nicola CarrLecture 2pm to 4pm (Kelvin Doherty, spring chicken Justice Agency)Course ReadingRecommended TextsA further extensive contestation of recommended reading is provided for e ach week of the course based on topic area. Assessment Assessment of this module is through a written assignment which is due for submissionMonday 2nd November by 4pm. You are required to remit star printed copy to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic copy via My Modules on Queens Online before 4.00pm on Tues fifth Jan. Please refer to the following link on the Schools web web site for submission military operations http//www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofSociologySocialPolicySocialWork/ImportantNotice/d.en.93464Students must(prenominal) answer one of the essay moves below and the word count for this assignment is 2500 Words +/- 10% search Questions revitalising Justice aims to address the consequences of offending for victims and wrongdoers and communities in a meaningful way. critically valuate this statement with reference to practice in the northerly Ireland criminal justice system. small people who are involved in offending should be treated as children first. dissertate this statement with reference to policy and practice in working with young people in the criminal justice system. The history of probation is one of an increased emphasis on public protection. Discuss this statement with reference to probation practice in Federal Ireland. Assessment of the encounter of re-offending and risk of harm should guide the nature of intervention with offenders. Critically evaluate this statement with reference to theory, policy and practice. GUIDELINES This assignment should be based on learning from your lectures, whole shebanghops and guided study / reading .You are encouraged to part enquirying and preparing at an early stage as the submission date is A discussion forum will also be established on queens on-line in order to assist you to share ideas with tutors and bracing(prenominal) students and to seek to share resources for the assignment. REFERENCINGYour assignment must be supported with references from relevant readings and you mu st follow the referencing guidelines relating to books, journals and web based material provided in your course handbook. You are encouraged to read widely in preparing for your assignment, drawing on material from your reading list as well as separate relevant material. You should also look at the general assessment guidelines in your assessment handbook for more general assignment writing skills.Essay guidanceThe best way to structure the answer to a oppugn is to begin with a very brief analysis of what you interpret the question as being about, and then a road-map of how you propose to answer it. This wayes your sagaciousness on organising a clear, coherent structure for your answer. Be very protective(predicate) to indicate as much as possible of what empirical or other severalise there is to support your points. It is not necessary to come to a definite conclusion on the question uncertainty having weighed the arguments and demonstration is almost always an acceptable po sition. What is essential, however, is that you have given sufficient weighting to arguments contrary to your own, with reasons to back up your rejection. Frequently questions require you to present and assess a number of viewpoints, indicated by such instructions as discuss, assess, how far is the case that etc. But it is always essential to consider what secondary interpretations to your own argument there might be. Source Oxford University narrow (Online option Centre)Requirements for the Award of 10 Credit PointsIn order to be awarded 10 credit points towards the completion of the Bachelors Degree in Social Work students mustComplete and submit a written assignment and gain a mark of at least(prenominal) 40%.Attend at least 80% of all lectures andAttend at least 80% of all workshops.Students who fail to attend for the required number of lectures and tutorials, or who miss peculiarly crucial elements of the module, may be required to undertake additional work in order to be awarded credit points.LATE SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORKThe Universitys master is that for work submitted after the deadline, 5 percentage points per working day are deducted from the received mark up to a maximum of five days. Thereafter, the work receives zero.Extensions to essay deadlines are covered by a formal University procedure and may be granted on grounds of ill health or personal circumstances. You need to submit a completed liberty from Late Coursework Marks Penalty Form (available from the position, 6 College Park and on the Schools Website www.qub.ac.uk/soc ) within three days of the essay deadline. The form should be go with by a medical certificate (NOT self-certification) and/or other written supporting evidence and should be taken to the module convenor, preferably during his/her bunk hours, who decides whether or not to agree to an extension. Lecture OutlinesWeek 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and settings Date 22/09/09 Lec ture 10 1pm This lecture will provide an introduction to the module by outlining the role of social work in the criminal justice context. The first lecture will cover the history of social work within the criminal justice context and will explore theoretical perspectives on the intersection of social work and the criminal justice system. cross consideration will be given to the role of the social actor within the parameters of the care or control debate. Some of the key phases of social work intervention in the criminal justice system will be explored ranging from original social work role as a court missionary through to the current drive towards interventions based on the assessment of risk and evidence based practice. Tutorial 25/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2)Following from the introductory lecture, this tutorial will focus on some of the key paradigm shifts that have influenced the role of social work within the criminal justice context. Students will be encouraged to critically explore the role of social work within this setting. reveal Reading Social Work in the Criminal Justice governing body History, circumstance and SettingsAudit Commission (1989) Promoting Value for Money in the Probation Service, capital of the United Kingdom HMSOBrownlee, I. (1998) Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. Essex Longman Criminology SeriesBurnett, R. Roberts, C. (Ed.) (2004) What Works in Probation and jejuneness Justice Cullompton WillanChapman, T. and Hough, M. (1998) Evidence Based Practice, capital of the United Kingdom HMIPFarrant, F. (2006) Knowledge production and the penalty ethic The demise of the probation service. Probation Journal, 53,4 317-333Fulton, B. Parkhill, T. (2009) Making the Difference an oral history of probation in northwestern Ireland. capital of Northern Ireland PBNI. getable at http//www.pbni.org.uk/archive/Publications/Other%20Publications/pbni%2025th%20book.pdfGorman, K. (2001) cognitive behaviourism and the se arch for the Holy Grail The quest for a familiar means of managing offender risk. Probation Journal, 48, 3 3-9Kemshall, H. (2002) Effective practice in probation An example of Advanced Liberal responsibilisation? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41,1 41-58Lindsay, T. Quinn, K. (2001) Fair Play in Northern Ireland Towards Anti-Sectarian Practice. Probation Journal, 42, 2 102-109McKnight, J. (2009) Speaking up for Probation Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48,4 327-343Mair, G. (Ed.) (2004) What Matters in Probation Cullompton WillanMerrington, S. and Stanley, S. (2000) Reflections doubts about the what works initiative, Probation Journal, 47, 4 272-275Robinson, G. Raynor, P. (2006) The future of rehabilitation What role for the probation service? Probation Journal, 53,4 334-346Vanstone, M. (2004) Mission control The origins of a gentleitarian service. Probation Journal, 51, 1 34-47Week 2 Working with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and InterventionsDate 29/09/09Lec ture 10am -1pm Nicola CarrLecture 2pm -4pm Nicola CarrThese lectures will focus on the development and design of community penalties. Students will learn about the development of the what works initiative and the drive towards effective, evidence-based practice. Key issues such as risk direction and public protection will be explored and students will be encouraged to critically evaluate these developments. Key developments in working with offenders will be outlined including some of the most late methods of intervention based on search evidence. Key Reading Working with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and InterventionsAndrews, D., Bonta, J. and Hoge, R. (1990a) Classification for effective rehabilitation, Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17 ,1 19-52.Andrews, D. et al. (1990b) Does punitory treatment work? Criminology, 28, 369-404Ansbro, M. (2008) apply attachment theory with offenders. Probation Journal, 55,3 231-244Bailie, R. (2006) Women Offenders The Developmen t of a Policy and Strategy for Implementation by the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Irish Probation Journal, 3, 197-110Batchelor, S. (2004) Prove me the bam Victimization and agency in the lives of young women who commit knock-down-and-drag-out offences. Probation Journal, 52, 4 358-375Bhui, H.S. Buchanan, J. (2004) What Works? and complex individuality. Probation Journal, 51,3 195-196Bottoms, A. and Williams, W. (1979) A non-treatment paradigm for probation practice British Journal of Social Work, 9,2 160-201Burnett R Roberts C (2004) What Works in Probation and youth Justice, Developing Evidence Based Practice. Cullompton Willan Burnett, R. McNeill, F. (2005) The place of the officer-offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime. Probation Journal, 52,3 221-242Bushway, S.D. Thornberry, T.P. Krohn, M.D. (2003) Desistance as a developmental process A similarity of static and dynamic approaches. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 2 129-153Cherry , S. (2005) Transforming Behaviour Pro-social simulation in Practice. Cullompton WillanDixon, L. Ray, L. (2007) Current issues and developments in race hate crime Probation Journal, 54,2 109-124Farrall, S. Bowling, B. (1999) Structuration, human development and desistance from crime. British Journal of Criminology 17, 2 255-267Farrall, S. (2002) Rethinking What Works with Offenders Probation, Social Context and Desistance from abhorrence. Cullompton Willan Healy, D. ODonnell, I. (2008) Calling time on crime Motivation, generativity and agency in Irish Probationers. Probation Journal, 55,1 25-38Jordan, R. OHare, G. (2007) The Probation Board for Northern Irelands Cognitive Self-Change Programme An overview of the pilot programme in the community. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1 125-136Loughran, H. (2006) A place for Motivational Interviewing in Probation? Irish Probation Journal, 3,1 17-29Martinson, R. (1974) What works? Questions and answers about prison reform, ThePublic Intere st, 10, 22-54McCulloch, P. (2005) Probation, social context and desistance retracing the relationship. Probation Journal, 52,1 8-22McGuire, J. Priestly, P. (1995) Reviewing what works Past, present and future. In J. McGuire (Ed.) What Works in Reducing Re-offending. Sussex Wiley McNeill, F. (2001) Developing effectiveness Frontline Perspectives, Social Work Education, 20,6 671-678McNeill, F. (2006) A desistance paradigm for offender trouble Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1 39-62McWilliams, W. (1987) Probation, heartyness and policy, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26,297-121Maruna, S. (2001) Making Good How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives. cap D.C. American Psychological AssociationMaruna, S. Immarigeon, R. LeBel, T.P. (2004) Ex-offender Reintegration Theory and Practice In S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds.) subsequently Crime and Punishment Pathways to Offender Integration, Cullompton Willan Miller, W. Rollnick, S. (2006) Motivational Interviewing, Gil ford Press, New York Raynor, P. Vanstone, M. (1994) Probation practice, effectiveness and the non-treatment paradigm, British Journal of Social Work, 24,4 387-404Rex, S. (1999) Desistance from offending Experiences of probation, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 4 366-383Rex, S. Bottoms, A. (2003) Evaluating the evaluators researching the accreditation of offender programmes. Probation Journal, 50,4 359-368Smith, D. (2004) The uses and abuses of positivism, in G. Mair (Ed.) What Matters in Probation, Cullompton Willan Vanstone, M. (2000) Cognitive-behavioural work with offenders in the UK a history of an powerful endeavour, Howard Journal, 39,2 171-183Week 3 Assessment in criminal justice contextsDate 06/10/09Lecture 10am 1pm Nicola CarrAssessing the risk of re-offending and the risk of harm is one of the warmheartedness tasks of the social worker within the criminal justice system .This lecture will cover the background of assessment and some of the factors that impac t on assessment. Particular vigilance will be paid to research evidence concerning, dynamic and static risk factors in relation to offending. In addition, attention will be paid to protective factors and research relating to desistance from crime. An overview will be provided of a range of risk assessment tools currently in use within the criminal justice system. Tutorial 09/09/09(Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan HarpurThis tutorial will be in a workshop initialise and will focus on the use of risk assessment tools in relation to the assessment of the risk re-offending and risk of harm with the aim of supply interventions to address these areas. Assessment in criminal justice contextsAye-Maung, N. Hammond, N. (2000) danger of re-offending and call for Assessments The Users Perspective. ( sign Office Research Study 216). London Home OfficeBest, P. (2007) The Assessment, fictional character precaution and Evaluation System (ACE) in Northern Ireland. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1 101-107Kemshall, H. (1998) Risk in Probation Practice. Aldershot AshgateKemshall, H. (2003) Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice. Berkshire Open University PressKemshall, H. (2008) Understanding the Management of High Risk Offenders. Berkshire Open University PressMerrington, S. Skinns, J. (2002) Using ACE to Profile Criminogenic Needs, Probation Studies Unit ACE Practitioner Bulletin No. 1, University of Oxford. Available at http//www.crim.ox.ac.uk/publications/psubull1.pdfODwyer, G. (2008) A Risk Assessment and Risk Management Approach to Sexual Offending for the Probation Service. Irish Probation Journal, Vol. 5 84-91Robinson, G. (2002) Exploring risk management in probation practice contemporary developments in England and Wales. Punishment and Society, 4, 1 5-25Robinson, G. (2003) Implementing OASys lessons from research into LSI-R and ACE Probation Journal, 50, 130-40Week 4 The impact of offending working with victims of crime and Restorative Justic e approachesDate 13/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm Nicola CarrThis lecture will address issues concerning the impact of crime, and will explore issues relating to victims of crime. The fantasy of the victim of crime will be critically assessed with reference to a range of literature, and the victims role within the criminal justice system will be explored. The role of the Social Worker in working with victims of crime will also be analysed. The principles and practices of soda justice approaches will be examined and explored specifically in relation to the Northern Ireland context. Lecture 2pm to 4pm (Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit)The afternoon lecture will involve a jury presentation from representatives from two agencies working with victims of crime. The presenters will focus on item issues and themes relating to their work and students will have an opportunity to discuss the issues raised.Victims and the Impact of CrimeHoyle, C. Zedner, L. (2007) Victims, victimization and the criminal justice system. In M. Maguire R. Morgan R. Reiner (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Fourth Edition) Oxford Oxford University PressHunter, C. (2005) The entrance of Victims of Crime on How the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Victim Information fascinate Might Operate Irish Probation Journal, 2,1 43-47Norton, S. (2007) The place of victims in the Criminal Justice System. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1 63-76Williams, B. (2009) Victims In C. hale K, Hayward A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford Oxford University PressRestorative JusticeBraithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, dishonour and Reintegration. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Campbell C, Devlin R, OMahony D, Doak J (2005) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth conferencing Service NIO Research and statistical Series Report No 12Daly, K. (2002) Restorative Justice The real story Punishment and Society, 4,1 55-79 Daly, K. Stubbs, J. (2006) Feminist engagement with restorative justice. Theoretical Criminology, 10, 1 9-28Gelsthorpe, L. Morris, A. (2002) Restorative youth justice. The last vestiges of welfare? In J. Muncie G. Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.) Youth Justice Critical Readings. London SageGray, P. (2005) The politics of risk and young offenders experiences of social exclusion and restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 45,6 938-957Hamill, H. (2002) Victims of paramilitary Punishment Attacks in capital of Northern Ireland. In C. Hoyle R. younker (Eds.) New Visions of Crime Victims, 49-70., Oxford HartHoyle, C. (2002) Securing restorative justice for the Non-Participating Victim. In In C. Hoyle R. Young (Eds.) New Visions of Crime Victims, 97-132., Oxford HartMcEvoy, K. Mika, H. (2002) Restorative Justice and the critique of informalism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3 534-562McLaughlin, E. Fergusson, R. Hughes, G. Westmarland, L. Restorati ve Justice Critical Issues London, SageMarshall, T. (1999) Restorative Justice An Overview. London Home Office. Available at http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-resjus.pdfMorris, A. (2002) Critiquing the critics A brief response to critics of restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42,3 596-615OMahony, D. Doak, J. Restorative Justice- Is More Better? The Experience of Police-led Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 43, no. 5Shapland, J. Atkinson, A. Atkinson, H. Dignan, J. Edwards, L Hibbert, J. Howes, M. Johnstone, J. Robinson, G. Sorsby, A. (2008) Does restorative justice affect reconviction? The fourth report from the valuation of three schemes. London Ministry of Justice. Available at http//www.justice.gov.uk/restorative-justice-report_06-08.pdfZehr H Towes B (EDS) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice, Willan Publishing Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and move Date 20/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm (Nicola Ca rr and Willie McAuley, PPNAI)Public protection has create an important part of the work of criminal justice agencies in recent years. This lecture explores the public protection discourse, and its practical implications in relation to new public protection arrangements. The second part of this lecture will focus on the role of social work in relation to prisoners and their families and the role of resettlement. Tutorial 23/09/09(Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) This tutorial will follow from this weeks lecture and address issues in relation to prisoners, the effects of fetter and resettlement. Public Protection, Prisons and ResettlementBurnett, R. Maruna, S. (2006) The kindness of prisoners Strengths-based resettlement in theory and action. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1 83-106Corcoran, M. (2007) Normalisation and its discontents Constructing the irreconcilable female political prisoner in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 47,3 405-422Her Majestys Inspectora tes of Prison and Probation (2001) Through the Prison adit A Joint Thematic Review. London Home Office. Available at http//www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/prison-gate-rps.pdfKemshall, H. (1996) Reviewing Risk A review of the research on the assessment and management of risk and dangerousness Implications for policy and practice in the Probation Service. London Home OfficeKemshall, H. Maguire, M. (2001) Public Protection, partnership and risk penality The Multi-Agency risk management of sexual and violent offenders. Punishment and Society, 3,2 237-264Lewis, S. Vennard, J. Maguire, M. Raynor, P. Vanstone, M. Raybould, S. Rix, A. (2003) The Resettlement of short-term prisoners an evaluation of seven pathfinders. London Home Office. Available at http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/occ83pathfinders.pdfMcEvoy, K. Shirlow, P. McElrath, K. (2004) Resistance, transition and exclusion Politically motivated ex-prisoners and contravention transformation in Northern Irel and. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 3 646-670Maguire, M. Raynor, P. (2006) How the resettlement of prisoners promotes desistance from crime Or does it? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 119-38Maruna, S. Liebling, A. (2004) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton WillanMatthews, R. (2009) Prisons in C. Hale K, Hayward A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford Oxford University PressPublic Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland (PPANI) Guidance to Agencies. Belfast Northern Ireland Office. Available at http//www.publicprotectionni.com/Scraton, P. Moore, L. (2004) The Hurt Inside. The Imprisonment of women and girls in Northern Ireland. Belfast Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Available at http//www.statewatch.org/news/2004/oct/the-hurt-inside-nihrc.pdfScraton, P. Moore, L. (2005) Degradation, harm and natural selection in a womens prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, 1 67-7Wahidin, A. (2009) Ageing in prison crime and the criminal just ice system. In C. Hale K, Hayward A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford Oxford University Press.Week 6 Working with young people in the criminal justice system balancing welfare and justice?Date 27/10/09Lecture 10am to 1pm Nicola CarrWorking with young people who are involved in the criminal justice system involves addressing the context of offending and the welfare take of the young person. This lecture will cover the theories and practices that inform this work, with reference to research literature and the current system and policy context in Northern Ireland. Lecture 2pm to 4pm (Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency)The afternoon lecture will be delivered by Kelvin Doherty, from the Youth Justice Agency, who will provide an overview of the youth conferencing service in Northern Ireland. The lecture will focus on the aims, rationale and operation of youth conferences through an interactive session. Working with Young People in the Criminal Justice Sys temCampbell, C. Devlin, R. OMahony, D. Doak, J. Jackson, J. Corrigan, T. McEvoy, K. (2006) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth Conference Service. Belfast Northern Ireland Office. Available http//www.nio.gov.uk/evaluation_of_the_northern_ireland_youth_conference_service.pdfEllison, G. (2001) Young People, Crime, Policing and victimisation in Northern Ireland. Belfast Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queens University. Available at http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ellison00.htmGraham, J. Bowling, B. (1995) Young People and Crime (Home Office Research Study No. 145), London Home OfficeHamilton, J. Radford, K. Jarman, N. (2003) Policing, Accountability and Young People. Belfast Institute for Conflict Research. Available at http//www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/policeyp.pdfInclude Youth (2008) A Manifesto for Youth Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast Include Youth. Available at http//www.includeyouth.org/fs/doc/Include-Youth-Manifesto-2008.pdfLeonard, M. (2004) Children in Interface Areas Reflections from North Belfast. Belfast Save the ChildrenMuncie, J. (2004) Youth and Crime (Second Edition) London SageNICCY (2008) Children in Conflict with the Law and the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Belfast NICCY. Available at http//www.niccy.org/uploaded_docs/1_71784_NIC71784%20Childrens%20Rights%20Text%208.pdf